HIST 1302 exam #4 | review

Cold War 1953-1963:

• what happened under Eisenhower?

-shift in South's voting (changing from Democratic to Republican)

-want to cut military budget -> Castle Bravo testing of Hydrogen bomb (switch from conventional military to nuclear bc cost less & less maintenance) 

-New Look Nuclear Strategy: 

   massive retaliation: respond to any aggression w overwhelming force (a.k.a. bomb)

   brinkmanship: any argument will lead to brink of nuclear warfare (game of chicken)

   mutually assured destruction (MAD): no one can win a nuclear war

-civil defense programs (duck & cover, bomb shelters) make U.S. think they can "win"

-Cuba, Jan. 1, 1959: Fidel Castro overthrows Fulgencio Batista (U.S. benefited from his leadership). Eisenhower treats Castro as a communist & wants to use Cubans (who left Cuba to go to the U.S.) to invade & overthrow Castro

• what happened under Kennedy?

-Bay of Pigs invasion, Apr., 1961: continues Eisenhower's idea of using Cubans to invade Cuba. anti-Castro Cubans are caught --> U.S. failure 

-Soviet Premier Nikita Khrushchev & JFK meet in 1961--> JFK wants bigger defense system (to make Khrushchev think U.S. is preparing for war & to look strong)

-Brain drain: Khrushchev asks JFK to stop letting Soviet educated professionals in but says no --> Berlin Wall (Aug. 12-13, 1961): becomes a symbol of tensions in the cold war --> Ich Bin Ein Berliner speech by JFK at the Berlin Wall, talked about solidarity

-Cuban missile crisis (Oct. 1962): Kennedy builds military for war bc brink of nuclear war w east Berlin --> American "quarantine" (blockade) of Cuba so no Soviet ships can get to Cuba (bc U.S. thinks there are no nuclear bombs there yet) --> Kennedy's television speech --> Khrushchev says it's only fair that the Soviets have missiles in Cuba as defense bc U.S. has missiles in Turkey. says for both sides to get rid of the missiles. JFK says no to seem strong against communism (publicly has cuban missiles removed & turkey's missiles removed in private)

5 outcomes:

1. New Look nuclear policies
2. move away from New Look nuclear policies bc extreme & scare citizens
3. Kennedy looks strong 
4. leads to largest arms build up in Soviet army
5. anti-nuclear movement gets stronger (ex. Women Strike For Peace)

• what ideas influenced their actions?

Eisenhower: wanting to keep balanced budget by cutting military budget
Kennedy: wanted to seem strong against Communism

African American Civil Rights 1954-1963:

• what major events took place? why were these events done?

-Brown v. Board of Education (1954)

-Little Rock Nine 

-Montgomery bus boycott

-sit-in movement starts in North Carolina (Feb. 1, 1960) at Woolworth's segregated lunch counter. created economic pressure & gains publicity
-Congress of Racial Equality (CORE): sent freedom riders into Alabama to show opposition to segregated buses
-James Meredith & integration of University of Mississippi 1962: got help from Medgar Evers (NAACP), ruled that the school had to let him attend bc he's only being denied on race. riots trying to kill him as he goes to the school, JFK goes on TV & for the first time publicly supports civil rights
-Birmingham marches 1963: march for basic civil rights & right to vote (civil rights bill). stopped by Eugene "Bull" Connor & arrested for conducting illegal parade
-march on Washington 1963: "I have a dream"
-Freedom Summers (1963-64): done by college students in order to:

1. encourage black men & women to register to vote
2. educate black children on black history
3. hold mock elections to show that blacks would vote if they could (bc whites say they wouldn't)

after Brown v. Board/1954, supreme court supports civil rights 

• how did blacks cause and/or respond to these events?

-sit-in movement spreads, view-ins, swim-ins, read-ins @ segregated places

-student nonviolent coordinating committee (SNCC): black, white, men, women, young

   leader of Atlanta Chapter: Julian Bond

• how did whites respond to them?

-Freedom summers: violence, bombing, murder, beating

-Michael Schwerner (white), Andrew Goodman (white), James Chaney (black): organized for Freedom summers --> died --> FBI investigation bc 2 white men died --> media attention  

-Fannie Lour Hamor: tried to register to vote- denied. used "white" (segregation was illegal) fountain & bathroom- arrested & beat, evicted & fired

-bombing of 16th street Baptist church (Alabama): bc meeting place for blacks

• why did the movement change in 1965 and afterwards?

-Lyndon Johnson becomes president --> passing of civil rights act of 1964: people are protected based on nation origin, race, religion, & sex

   -bans discrimination in public accommodations

   -bans discrimination in companies w more than 25 employees

   -stops federal funding to programs that discriminate

   -increases enforcement power- Equal Employment Opportunity Commission

-Selma March (March 7) 1965 --> Bloody Sunday (police riot) was broadcasted on TV & everyone saw the violence of the white police --> second Selma March (March 21) --> Johnson pushed for voting rights bill

-Voting Rights act of 1965:

1. federal examiners register voters
2. suspend literacy tests
3. threatened to enforce 15th amendment (allow blacks to  vote or lose % of congressmen)
4. only applied to 9 states at first

-24th amendment 1964: get rid of poll taxes & registration fees

-1965-75 integration (bc blacks can vote now)

-4 ways civil rights changes:

1. more militant/angry bc built up anger
2. abandoning non-violence bc whites only understand violence
3. move into North to demand change
4. in North & West- economic racism, job discrimination, utilities & rent more expensive, redlining

-Malcom X: black nationalism & separatism, defend ourselves by any means necessary, extremist

-Stokely Carmichael: black power, tells people to buy guns, kick whites out of SNCC

-Watts Riot 1965: 6 days, fire, looting bc racist L.A. police pull over black drivers & beat them

-Detriot race riot 1967: private apartment party --> police came & tried to arrest everyone --> shoot-out, tanks, etc. --> blacks burn down everything (to re-build better society afterwards) --> national guard sent in --> whites scared --> turn away from civil rights

-assassination of Martin Luther King Jr. (Apr. 4, 1968) 

-Black panthers: organized to stop police from stopping & beating black drivers, defend black community, monitor police 

Women's Rights movement:

• how did the feminist movement begin?

3 types of women who joined the movement:

1. traditional women's occupations: secretary, teacher, nurse, etc. limited job choices & paid less than men
2. civil rights activists: ex. Ella Baker (has to overcome race & sex discrimination)
3. housewives (who don't want to be): forced to be unpaid domestic servants (jobs will fire them so that they will put their husband & children ahead of themselves) ex. Betty Friedan: wrote the Feminine Mystique about how housewives hated their lives

characteristics of feminism:

1. very diverse (bc so many diff. types of women)
2. de-centralized (many organizations, not just one leader bc ^)
3. grassroots movement (slow changes in social attitudes, no huge landmark changes)
4. media-attention (to highlight the problems)

• what changes did the movement want?

-miss America protest 1968: fight objectification & that men were judged on action while women on looks

-gynecological & breast exams bc women were not allowed to touch themselves (to check), male doctors benefited from the way that women laid (objectification), they talked to your husband about course of action instead of you, males suggest cutting off both breasts --> women doctors wrote Our Bodies Our Selves suggesting to touch yourself to check & alternatives to surgery

-National Organization for Women 1966- want to achieve:

1. equal pay
2. equal opportunity (should be allowed to have any jobs)
3. equal marriages (housework, no men-women standards)

-wanted the equal rights amendment: can't discriminate against sex but it failed 

• what tactics did the movement use?

-consciousness raising: making women aware that they aren't alone, it's organized political oppression/male supremacy

-Ms. Magazine: women w journalism degrees wanted to write about more than just the "women's page" (cooking, fashion/style, household stuff) so created magazine to talk about politics

-women's march for equality 1970

• what successes did the movement have?

-Title IX (of education amendment 1972): can't discriminate against sex if funded by federal gov.

-equal credit opportunity act 1974: women can get credit in her own name

-pregnancy discrimination act 1978: can't get fired bc you're pregnant, can get pregnant, might in the future get pregnant, etc., can't ask about it 

-(Estelle) Griswold v. Connecticut 1965: in Connecticut, women couldn't get birth control or info w/o consent of husband. Supreme Court ruled that you can't be denied birth control info

-Roe v. Wade 1973: abortion is legal

• how did conservatives respond to the movement?

4 groups who are against feminism:

1. conservative men
2. fundamentalist Christians
3. housewives (who enjoy being one- mostly upper class women)
4. media 

-Marabel Morgan: anti-feminist, fundamental Christian, housewife: writes The Total Woman (teaches how to interact w husband) & Total Joy (how to make husband happy)

-Phyllis Schlafly: conservative Republican activist. argues that if you don't embrace your role as a wife & mother (by devoting your life to husband & children, & not working) then your children will be gay. believes that equal rights amendment will lead to:

1. drafting of women --> death in combat
2. men & women sharing bathrooms together
3. men-men or women-women (gay) marriages 

Vietnam War:

• what major battles took place?

-Battle of Dien Bien Phu 1954: French underestimated Ho Chi Minh's followers --> siege --> French surrender 

-Gulf of Tonkin incident (1964): "North Vietnamese attacked American ships"

-Tet offensive (Jan. 30-31, 1968): Viet Cong attacks, gov. says Amer. "won" the tet offensive bc the VC didn't capture all of the places 

-My Lai massacre: Americans hear that children are dying, women raped etc., Vietnamese rounded up & ordered to be massacred

• what major decisions did the presidents from Kennedy through Ford make?

Kennedy:

-America divided Vietnam at 17th parallel 

Johnson: 

-Gulf of Tonkin Resolution: will send Amer. troops to South Vietnam to protect American interests (not a declaration of war) --> military escalation

Nixon:

1. policy of Vietnamization: replace Amer. troops w South Vietnamese troops --> troop morale decreases --> more drug use, refusal to fight, etc.
2. bomb north Vietnam but north Vietnamese went underground
3. air invasion of Cambodia to bomb Ho Chi Minh trail (North Vietnamese use to supply Viet Cong) --> Cambodia's gov. falls apart

Ford: 

declared Amer. involvement in VN was over

fall of Saigon (Apr. 30, 1975)

pardoned Nixon

• what role did protesters & the media play in the war?

-anti-war Pentagon march 1967: blamed Johnson 

-credibility gap: what the president & gov. says about the war is diff. than what's seen in the media 

-1970: students protest more bc Nixon expanded war into other countries --> attacks on ROTC buildings

-kids pulled out of college bc violent protests happening on campuses (Kent State & Jackson State)

-publication of Pentagon Papers 1971: leaked --> news published, revealed basis for Vietnam:

1. open-ended war (as long as the Viet Cong fight, U.S. fights)
2. war of attrition (endurance --> high death tolls)
3. Vietnam war is limited bc can't invade North VN or China would come in 
4. truth about Gulf of Tonkin incident: Amer. & South VN ships were putting mines in North VN's harbors = "act of terrorism" 

• how did the war affect American society?

1. divisive war: pro-war vs. anti-war
2. changes military: no draft since VN bc scared of protests
3. more question/mistrust of gov.
4. inflation
5. should we help the Vietnamese boat people who fled from VN?
6. what to do w draft dodgers? 

Mexican American, Native American and Gay/Lesbian rights:

• what major events took place for each of these movements?

Mexican American: Chavez (mentioned later on) led nonviolent protests, boycotted grapes to get growers to agree to labor contracts w United Farm Workers. Young Lords Organization staged street demonstrations

Native American: protests. group "Indians of All Nations" occupied Alcatraz Island saying it was illegally seized from original inhabitants --> Red Power Movement 

Gay/Lesbian: 1969 police raid on Stonewall Inn (gathering place for homosexuals) --> gays fought back --> 5 days of rioting followed 

• what ideas did each movement promote?

Mexican American: pride in Mexican past & new Chicano culture 

Native American: greater tribal self-gov. & restoration of economic resources 

Gay/Lesbian: gays were average Americans who ought not to be persecuted, sexual orientation is a matter of rights, power, & identity 

• what changes did each movement achieve?

Mexican American: drew national attention to low wages & oppressive working conditions of migrant laborers --> growers agreed to contracts w UFW

Native American: tribes would win greater control over education & economic development on reservations. rising sense of self-respect = more identification as Indians 

Gay/Lesbian: gay pride marches 

U.S. from 1964-1979:

• what major political changes took place in this period?

-conservative students emerged as a force in politics (Young Americans for Freedom (mentioned later))

-Hart-Celler act (immigration reform)

-Voting Rights act 1965: ended discrimination of voting 

Great Society: 

-expanded powers of fed. gov. & completed/extended social agenda, response to prosperity, improve quality of life (programs mentioned later on)

-War on Poverty: focused on equipping poor w skills & motivation

-Office of Economic Opportunity: oversaw initiatives to lift poor into social & econ. mainstream

-provided Head Start (mentioned later), job training, legal services, scholarships for poor inner cities

-Civil Rights Act of 1964: public accommodations have to be available to everyone w/o discrimination based on race

-Medicare: health insurance for people who reach the age of 65.
-Education programs: Johnson proposed legislation for scholarships, grants, work-study. Idea was that decision was to be based on whether you had the ability to excel
-Head Start: children given attention, allowed poor children to begin education
-Job Corps: training & skills for men & women who had no job opportunities
-Corporation for Public Broadcasting: source of public radio & television
-National Endowment for the Arts (NEA): government & funding support for the arts
-National Endowment for the Humanities (NEH): government support & funding for humanities programs

-Environmental programs: clear air/water/rivers acts, environmental records
-Wilderness Act of 1964: preserved large patches of wild America
1968 Democratic Convention:
-Events before the convention: 300 Americans killed in Vietnam, Robert Kennedy & Martin Luther King Jr. murdered, 125 city riots, demonstrations with Vietnamese communist flag on statue of war hero --> police responded with unrestrained & indiscriminate violence 

-Convention delegates against the Vietnam War: anti-war delegates harassed
-Colorado Point of Information: asked if Mayor could suspend police state terror
-National Guard: backed up police to keep streets clear of demonstrators using tear gas
-George McGovern: Democratic presidential nominee
-Richard Daley: Mayor of Chicago, “what are we coming to in this country?”
-Jerry Rubin: Yippie Leader, “Democratic party has blood on its hands”
-Hubert Humphrey: Vice president won nomination
-Julian Bond: young black-Georgia , nominated for Vice President, symbol of the rebellion
Watergate Scandal:
-Pentagon Papers: leaked reports proving that administrations intentionally expanded Vietnam war efforts, in contrast to what they told the public
-Richard Nixon: president
-Plumbers: covert group to halt leaks
-Enemies' List: president’s political rivals on this list, anyone who could stop his re-election
-Committee to Re-elect the President (CREP): created by Republicans, used illegal means
-Democratic National Committee Headquarters Burglary: bugged Watergate hotel to steal information
-1972 election: Nixon re-elected
-Congressional Investigations: proved connection between burglary, white house, & CREP
-White House Tapes: Nixon-installed recording devices in white house. Nixon refused to release them
-Saturday Night Massacre: Nixon dismissed attorney general, deputy, and Cox to save himself
-Gerald Ford: replaced & pardoned Nixon

• what economic changes took place in this period?

Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries (OPEC): Venezuela, Iraq, Iran, Kuwait, Saudi Arabia

-1973-74: oil embargo (cut of U.S. supply bc U.S. supports Israel) --> laying off workers, things that require oil increase in price, schools close in winter bc can't heat them, transportation rices rise, inflation

-de-industrialization: factories closing & send jobs overseas, Amer. jobs lost at rust belt, cities can't recover, people leave, property value decreases, young workers face lower wages: downward mobility

industry --> service economy: leads to stagflation (high unemployment & inflation at same time)

• how did society change in this period?

Counterculture: rebel against fake-ness & un-authenticity from rock & roll, focuses on group, turn away from mainstream

-hippies: smaller group in counterculture. used LSD to reach a higher state of mind but switched to marijuana to calm down (bc of events like VN war & watergate scandal) 

-environmentalism bc NASA's picture of earth from space--> clean air act 1970 & clean water act 1972

-Stephen Gaskin's farm: religious commune

-Sheep Ridge/(Bill) Wheeler's ranch: open land commune 

-Hal Lindsey & Prophecy revelations: book- The Late Great Planet Earth (millennialism) 

Cults: strong-authoritarian central religious leader, members cut off ties w people not in the cult, irrational religious beliefs, leader exerts increasing authority. ex. Unification Church w leader Sun Young Moon, Jim Jones & the People's Temple

• what foreign policy changes took place in this period?

-Nixon goes to China bc realized communist countries still have their own interests --> trade 

-Jimmy Carter & Human  Rights Diplomacy: don't look at the communist, look at the way they treat their people --> helping the Vietnamese boat people (of South VN) & Mariel Boat Lift Cubans (1980) --> long term effects: benefits U.S. economy bc ambitious & entrepreneurs, new businesses

-Iranian Hostage Crisis (Nov. 4, 1979-Jan. 21, 1981): Ayatollan Rhvholla Khomeini becomes leader after revolution & overthrowing of Reza Pahlavi (Shah of Iran). mad at U.S. bc they took Pahlavi to the U.S. bc he had cancer. Khomeini wants the Shah returned to be put on trial & killed but Shah dies in U.S. & Khomeini won't let go of hostages until Carter leaves office. --> Hostages released 1981

U.S. from 1980-1991:

• explain the rise of Ronald Reagan: Carter's popularity was low bc hostage crisis. Reagan pledged to end stagflation, restore country's dominant role in the world. won support of Religious Right & conservative upholders of "family values"

• what economic changes took place in this period? 

Reaganomics:
curtailing power of unions, dismantling regulations, radically reducing taxes.

Tax reform act: reduced rate on wealthiest Americans 

cut back on environmental protection & workplace safety rules

"supply-side economics"/ "trickle-down economics"

de-industrialization, raise in stock prices, decline of labor movement

• social changes including religion:

• how did society change in this period?

• what foreign policy changes took place in this period? include end of the Cold War.

_________________________________________________

Chapter 24:

• Los Angeles Basin: largest western suburban region, once had extensive system of trains & buses but after WWII, was replaced w freeways for cars & trucks
• the TV world: replaced newspapers as source of information about public events, watching tv = leading leisure activity. images of middle-class life & advertisements of consumer goods. changed Amer. eating habits (frozen TV dinners), common experience for all Americans. conveyed images of the good life based on endless consumption
• religion & anticommunism: protestant & roman catholic leaders spread anticommunism. religion vs. "godless" communism. church affiliations in the 1950s. "under God" & "in God we trust" added to pledge & money. Hollywood films celebrating religion. "Judeo-Christian" heritage 

-Billy Graham: protestant evangelist, used radio & TV to spread religious messages imbued w anticommunism

• Milton Friedman: young economist, published Capitalism and Freedom (1962) which said the free market was necessary foundation for individual liberty , called for turning over gov. functions to private sector & repeal of minimum wage laws/graduated income tax/social security system. said gov. should not regulate the economy or individual conduct
• modern Republicanism: Eisenhower's domestic agenda-  sever party's identification w Hoover, Great Depression, indifference to economic conditions of ordinary citizens. expanded New Deal programs, building of the 41,000 mile interstate highway system
• Sputnik: first artificial earth satellite launched by Soviets in 1957
• decolonization: began when India & Pakistan achieved independence, crumbling of Euro. empires

-Jacobo Arbenz Guzman: elected in Guatemala, land-reform policy that threatened domination of Guatemala's economy by American-own United Fruit company, CIA organized to oust gov.

-Mohammed Mossadegh: elected in Iran, nationalized Anglo-Iranian oil company, CIA organized to oust gov.

-Suez Canal crisis: Israel, France, Britain invaded Egypt after Gamal Abdel Nasser (country's leader) nationalized Suez canal (which was owned by Britain & France). Eisenhower forced them to abandon the invasion 

• origins of the Vietnam war: 

-Ho Chi Minh: nationalist/communist force against French 

-France: French military try to keep their Asian empire --> Truman administration gave money to aid French efforts but did not send in troops when French asked them to --> French had to agree to Vietnamese independence 

-Ngo Dinh Diem: anticommunist south VN leader (urged by U.S.)

• the Beats: small group of poets & writers, railed against mainstream culture, rejected middle-class culture, protest against materialism, conformism, & militarization of Amer. life by cold war. celebrated impulsive action, immediate pleasure, drugs, sexual experimentation

-Allen Ginsberg's Howl: "I saw the best minds of my generation destroyed by madness, starving hysterical naked", protest against materialism & conformism while under influence of hallucinogenic drugs. police confiscated book & arrested bookstore owners for selling "obscene" work (later a judge overturned the ban on the grounds that it had redeeming social value)

• League of United Latin American Citizens: (LULAC) challenged restrictive housing, employment discrimination, & segregation of Latino students
• Mendez v. Westminster (1946): California Supreme Court order schools of Orange County desegregated 

Chapter 25:

• Peace Corps: sent young Amer. abroad to aid in economic & educational progress of developing countries & to improve image of U.S. there 
• Alliance for Progress: new policy toward Latin Amer., to promote political & material freedom., military regimes & local elites controlled the aid & enriched themselves while the poor saw little benefit --> failed
• Mississippi Freedom Democratic Party: (MFDP) campaigned to take seats of state's all-white official party at 1964 Democratic national convention. Party liberals pressed for compromise: 2 black delegates would be granted seats- MFDP rejected
• Great Society programs: provided health services to poor & elderly in new Medicaid & Medicare programs, pour federal funds into education & urban development. Department of Transportation & of Housing & Urban development, Equal Employment Opportunity Commission, National Endowments for the Humanities & for the Arts, national public broadcasting network

-Head Start: early childhood education program

-VISTA: domestic version of Peace Corps for inner cities

• Chicago freedom movement: launched by King, w demands to end discrimination by employers & unions, equal access to mortgages, integration of public housing, & construction of low-income housing. marches, sit-ins, & mass arrests were ineffective --> failed movement 
• New Left: whites. rejection of intellectual & political categories that shaped radicalism & liberalism. challenged mainstream America. spoke of loneliness, isolation, & alienation, powerlessness in face of bureaucratic institutions & hunger for authenticity that affluence could not provide. called for democracy of citizen participation, critique of contrast btwn American values & American reality

-Port Huron statement: criticized institutions (political parties to corporations, unions, military-industrial complex), "we seek the establishment of a democracy of individual participation, [in which] the individual shares in those social decisions determining the quality and direction of his life". participatory democracy

-Students for a Democratic Society: (SDS) offshoot of socialist League for Industrial Democracy. adopted Port Huron Statement 

-Free Speech Movement: response to rule prohibiting political groups from using central area of campus to spread their ideas. protest to repeal new rule & critique structure of the university & education gearing towards corporate jobs 

• Counterculture: rejecting values & behaviors of old generations, norms in clothing, language, sexual behavior, drug use 

-Timothy Leary: Harvard scientist turned prophet of mind-expansion, promoted use of LSD = "freedom to expand your own consciousness" 

-Jesus People: saw hippy lifestyle as authentic expression of outlook of the early church. created Christian communes, religiously oriented rock concerts

• Latino Activism:

-Cesar Chavez: led series of nonviolent protest to pressure growers to agree to labor contracts w United Farm Workers union

-United Farm Workers Union: mass movement for civil rights as a campaign for economic betterment

-Young Lords Organization: modeled on Black Panthers, protested high unemployment rate among Puerto Ricans & lack of city services in Latino neighborhoods

• Environmentalism:

-Rachel Carson's Silent Spring: 1962, showed effects of DDT (insecticide): killed birds & animals, caused sickness among humans. chemical & pesticide companies tried to discredit her- "part of communist plot", "hysterical", "emotional"

-Sierra Club: 1890s, to preserve forests

-Clean Air and Water Acts: to protect the environment, passed by Nixon

• Loving v. Virginia (1967): laws prohibiting interracial marriage = unconstitutional
• Miranda v. Arizona (1966): individual in police custody must be informed of the rights to remain silent & confer w lawyer before answering questions & must be told any statements made might be used in court 
• Baker v. Carr (1962): est. that districts electing members of state legislatures must be equal in population, "one man, one vote"
• Engele v. Vitale (1963): prayers & Bible readings in public schools violated first amendment 

Chapter 26:

• Swann v. Charlotte-Mecklenburg Board of Education (1971): (North Carolina) approved lower court's plan requiring extensive transportation of students to achieve school integration
• Milliken v. Bradley (1974): overturned lower court order requiring Detroit's predominantly white suburbs to enter into regional desegregation plan w city's heavily minority school system --> suburban districts absolved from responsibility for integrating urban schools
• Regentz of the University of California v. Bakke (1978): court overturned admissions program of University of California at Davis which set aside 16 of 100 places in the entering medical school class for minority students- rejected idea of fixed affirmative action quotas

• Nixon & Detente: "cooperation", era replacing hostility of the Cold War 

-Henry Kissinger: Nixon's national security adviser & secretary of state 

-Salvador Allende & Chili: 1970, socialist elected as president --> CIA worked w Allende's opponents to destabilize the regime  --> overthrown & killed in military coup --> dictatorship: General Augusto Pinochet --> Nixon Administration continued to back Pinochet

-China visit: 1972, Nixon visited --> increase in trade btwn the 2 countries 

-Strategic Arms Limitation Treaty: (SALT) froze each country's arsenal of intercontinental missiles capable of carrying nuclear warheads 

-Leonid Brezhnev: leader of Soviet Union

• Helsinki Accords: agreement btwn U.S. & Soviet Union that recognized permanence of Europe's post-WWII boundaries, agreed to respect basic liberties of their citizens 
• Amnesty International: pressured U.S. to try to do something to promote human rights abroad, received Nobel Peace Prize, showing human rights as international issue
• Soviet invasion of Afghanistan: sent troops to support friendly gov. threatened by Islamic rebellion --> weakened Soviet gov. --> Carter Doctrine: declares U.S. would use military force, if necessary, to protect interests in Persian Gulf --> aided fundamentalist Muslims

• Tax Revolt: bc of de-industrialization & declining wages 

-Proposition 13: 1978, conservatives sponsored & California voters approved a ban on further increases in property taxes. showed that level of taxation could be powerful political issue 

-Sagebrush Rebellion: grassroots movement, leaders of western states denounced control of large areas of land by the Bureau of Land Management & insisted that states themselves be given decision-making power over grazing rights, mining development, & whether public lands should be closed to fish & hunting --> rising anti-gov. sentiment 

• PATCO Strike: union of air traffic controllers began strike in violation of federal law --> Reagan fired them all --> used military to oversee air traffic system until new controllers could be trained --> inspired private employers to do the same regarding strikes 

• Reagan & the Cold War: denunciation of Soviet Union 

-Strategic Defense Initiative: 1983, based on developing space-based system to intercept & destroy enemy missiles (would violate the Anti-Ballistic Missile Treat of 972), persuaded NATO to introduce short-range nuclear weapons into Europe to counter Soviet.

-Grenada Invasion: sent troops to oust pro-Cuban gov.

-Lebanon civil war: sent marines as peacekeeping force btwn Christian gov. supported by Israeli forces  & Muslim insurgents --> withdrew them after bomb exploded at their barracks

-Iran-Contra Affair: secretly authorized sale of arms to Iran to secure release of American hostages held by Islamic groups (even though it was illegal) --> Middle Eastern newspaper leaked the story

Chapter 27:

• Crisis of Communism: Gorbachev's attempts at economic reform produced chaos & policy of political openness allowed long-suppressed national & ethnic tensions to rise to the surface 

-Boris Yeltsin: Russian president, mobilized crowds in Moscow that restored Gorbachev to office 

• Gulf War: 1990, Iraq invaded & annexed Kuwait. first post-cold war international crisis 

-Operation Desert Storm: 1991, drove Iraqi army from Kuwait 

• North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA): treaty negotiated by Bush that created free-trade zone consisting of Canada, Mexico, & U.S.
• Balkan Crisis and disintegration of Yugoslavia: communist gov. collapsed --> ethnic conflict --> ethnic cleansing --> NATO stepped in
• Americans with Disabilities Act: prohibited discrimination in hiring & promotion against persons w disabilities & required that entrances to public buildings be redesigned to ensure access for disabled 
• Acquired immunodeficiency Syndrome (AIDS): fatal disease spread by sexual contact, drug use, & transfusions of contaminated blood, "spread among gays" 

HIST 1302 exam #3 | review

Great Depression Under Hoover:

• reasons for Great Depression: 

1. banking practices- banks loan out $, high risk/high yield practices/ventures, could lose $ 
2. consumer debt- easy credit --> can't pay for product --> repossessed --> overproduction
3. deflation-gov. only prints as much money as it has gold but population increased, gold didn't. no one investing or buying = no circulation of money 
4. workers' pay- wages were lowered during WWI but didn't get raised back up after. workers couldn't afford to buy the products that they were making --> overproduction 
5. stock market- more people put $ in stocks, prices increase bc value increases. people buy stock on margin (put some $ down & come up w the money in a couple days). margin calls (make people pay right up instead of giving them a few days) --> don't have = bankrupt. stock prices go down, stock market crashes (Oct. 29, 1929)
6. agricultural depression- during WWI: farmers had little competition & high prices. to help starving Euro.: gov. told farmers to make more food so they took out loans. after war: prices went down, more competition, still have to pay off loans --> foreclosures --> bankruptcy 
7. concentration of wealth- rich have a lot of money but isn't spending bc Depression, so money isn't circulating, just staying in the top/richest

• Hoover/conservative response to Depression: doesn't intervene bc:

1. helping would destroy people's work ethic & they wouldn't go back to work if given $
2. want to keep taxes low on wealthy bc wealthy will use their wealth to make jobs (but they don't bc they're keeping their money bc deflation)
3. have to maintain a balanced budget, can't spend $ that we don't have
4. depression is 'a crisis of confidence', people just think the economy is bad
5. want private charities to help people out but different charities discriminate against religion & impose morality tests, discriminate on race/ethnicity, & the demand for help is greater than the supply of help

• conditions for poor Americans: 

-bank panic: people pull money out of banks --> banks close

-apple sellers: middle class people buy apples to sell bc they think it's their fault that they don't have jobs/money. too many apple sellers --> no one buys

-breadline & soup kitchens: food is too expensive so middle class men would leave their houses to go to breadlines so that children & women could eat the food at home

-Lloyd Commission provides targeted assistance (they don't give money, they give them food/clothes/jobs/etc.)

-Farmers' Holiday Association- prices are so low so no one is making money --> boycott, farmers use tractors to block off roads, take milk to give to the poor for free since it's price is so low

-Penny auctions: farm foreclosures --> sell farm equipment, bid pennies instead of real $ to stop foreclosures

-unemployment, jobless workers (no one is hiring/no jobs available)

-evictions & foreclosures--> homeless camps (Hoovervilles) 

-1932-1933: people realize it's not their fault 

• conditions for veterans:

Bonus Marchers: veterans were promised a bonus (after 25 yrs wait) but the depression hits & they want it now to survive. go to D.C. to pressure Congress to give their bonuses --> built camps to wait --> Senate says no to the bonuses --> Douglas MacArthur sent to destroy camps --> use of tear gas & fire even though it was a peaceful protest 

Great Depression, Roosevelt, & New Deal:

• New Deal programs: (1st or 2nd New Deal?)

-relief: SHORT TERM
Emergency Banking Act: 1933 (1st New Deal) bank panics/banks closing --> creation of a bank holiday to examine books & decide which banks are solvent (good) & which are insolvent (debt, bad practices, etc.) --> solvent banks reopen, done to get people's trust in banks back
Civil Works Administration: 1933-34 (1st New Deal) put $ into already existing programs to get them up & running again (infrastructure projects that were stopped bc depression). mostly for men
Civilian Conservation Corps: 1933-1942 (1st New Deal) young men living in cities & unemployed --> sent to country side to do reforestation/ national parks. helps "white" (Mexican & Amer.) men
National Youth Administration: 1935-1942 (2nd New Deal) created good paying part time jobs (secretarial work, machinery, auto-mechanics) to keep people in high school & college. helped women, blacks, everyone
ALL NEW DEAL JOBS PAY LOWER WAGES THAN PRIVATE SECTOR JOBS (to encourage people to go back to private sector jobs so new deal jobs can help others)

-recovery: LONG TERM
Public Works Administration: 1935-1943 (2nd New Deal) large infrastructure projects. mostly lower class men (including black). didn't hire women
Works Progress Administration: 1935-1943 (2nd New Deal) hires lower & middle class, unemployed, & women. hires historians, writers (write about places to encourage tourism), musicians (preform free concerts/plays), etc. to bring to places where people haven't experienced it before
Tennessee Valley Authority: 1933-1944 (1st New Deal) build 9 dams along Tennessee river system to create jobs, electricity (hydro electric), flood control, fertilizer. REGIONAL project. hired blacks too

-reform: STRUCTURAL/ECONOMIC SYSTEM CHANGES (to avoid another Depression)
Banking Reform (bank holiday): Glass-Steagall Act 1933 (1st New Deal)

1. requires ALL banks to be part of Federal reserve system (so they can be regulated)
2. separate commercial (low risk banking) from investment (corporations/high risk-high yield) banking to protect commercial/us
3. take U.S. off gold standard (to address deflation since there isn't more gold)
4. creates Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation. fed. gov. insure deposits. protects middle class

National Industrial Act: 1933 (1st New Deal) turns into National Recovery Administration. deals w factories & businesses (overproduction)
BUSINESSES: gov. sets

1. prices (to deal w deflation)
2. selling quota (limiting production)
3. codes (to how to make things so they're all the same quality, eliminates competition to protect profits)

EMPLOYEES:

1. 40 hr work week (hire more people to work less hrs)
2. minimum wage (addresses poverty)
3. section 7A of NRA allows for collective bargaining (unions)

National Labor Relations Act (Wagner Act): 1935 (2nd New Deal) legalizes unions

Agriculture Adjustment Act: 1933 (1st New Deal) farms foreclosed -->  

1. create parity prices (floor for prices- if price gets to floor price, gov. buys the food to give to poor/unemployed)
2. overproduction- pay farmers not to grow on some acres of land --> some sharecroppers kicked out --> ends sharecropping. agribusiness bc people buying land to get paid more for not growing on it 

Rural Electrification Administration: 1936 (2nd New Deal) bring electricity to farmers/rural areas. water, landlines, internet, etc.

Social Security Act: 1935 (2nd New Deal) for elderly, bc U.S. had no programs for them (in poverty but had to work until they died) social security SYSTEM designed to address their unemployment. financed by regressive tax (taxes first $200 of income). 

4 categories excluded: 

1. domestic servants (chefs, maids, butlers, etc. bc South didn't want them to retire/stop working)
2. Roman Catholic Clergy (people don't like Catholics)
3. married women who didn't work
4. farmers & farm workers (Mexicans)

• African Americans in the 1930s: 

Scottsboro "boys" trial: (Alabama) Ruby Bates & Victoria Price accused 9 young black men of raping them. no evidence, all white jury --> declared guilty --> appeal for new trial --> better lawyers found the women were prostitutes who specialized in sex w black men & Bates admitted nothing happened, Price still says she was raped --> 5 men still young guilty 

demand for federal anti-lynching law but Roosevelt said no bc didn't want white South to turn on him (Africans still liked Roosevelt bc New Deal gave African Amer. many benefits so voted Democrat)

"black cabinet": blacks who work for the gov. & tell Roosevelt what blacks want

Mary McLeod Bethune: was in National Youth Administration, created her own school

Daughters of the American Revolution: can trace ancestors back to before Revolutionary war. elite white upper class women. invited opera singer Marian Anderson to preform (didn't know she was black), un-invites her --> Eleanor Roosevelt (in DAR) finds out & gives Anderson a free concert for black & white audience 

Foreign policy & early WWII events:

• American neutrality: Gerald Nye (head of Nye Commission) called people who convinced the U.S. to go to war (WWI) "merchants of death" (thinks wealthy banks/corporations loaned money to British & French & wanted to go to war to make sure they get repaid). affects U.S. foreign policy --> neutrality so that we don't go to war
• Good neighbor policy: U.S. will not invade countries in Western Hemisphere (try to have good relations to try to resume trade w them to help w economy)
• events from 1933-1941 in Europe: 

Tydings- McDuffie Act: 10 yr plan to let Filipinos be independent (to cut down costs)

Adolph Hitler & German Fascism (believe in centralized authority/dictator, against democracy, put nation ahead of individuals, control over everything, suppression of opposition w terror, aggressive nationalism & racism)

1. stopped war reparations (in treaty of Versailles)
2. rearmed Germany (built up army w ^ $)
3. reoccupied Ruhr valley (w ^ army)

Anschluss: German annexation of Austria (1938)

German annexation of Sudetenland (1938): (they speak German there). British & French allow them to annex it bc Germany said they'll stop after

German annexation of Czechoslovakia (1938) British & French realize they have to go to war (thinking that Soviets would help)

Nazi-Soviet non-aggression pact (Aug. 1939)

Invasion of Poland (Sept. 1, 1939): fake border incident created by Germany. British & French start mobilizing

Phony War (Oct. 1939- May 1940) British & French still hoped they wouldn't have to go to war

Cash & Carry program (1939-1940): a step away neutrality, U.S. can sell materials to British & French but they have to pay cash (no loans) & have to carry it home themselves 

German Blitzkrieg Spring Offensive (1940): phony war ends, French conquered by Germans

Military Draft Act (1940): 1st peacetime draft. 1 million men drafted, military budget increases

Battle of Britain (1940-41): Germans bomb British to destroy their morale so they can invade

Lend-Lease program (1941-45): prez. can "lend" war materials to allied nations. Roosevelt uses fireside chat to get people/Congress to agree

German invasion of Soviet Union (1941) 

Atlantic Naval battles: shoot at any German ships

• events from 1931-1941 in Asia: 

Japan invades Manchuria (of China)

Fake border incident--> (1937) invaded China

Rape of Nanking (1937): Japanese air raid, systematic rape of women, force men to dig their own graves

U.S. partial embargo on Japan: stop trading petroleum & scrap metal (looks as if U.S. isn't neutral)

Japan attacks European colonies in Asia bc German attacked Europe already 

U.S. total embargo & freezes Japanese $ in banks

Japanese air attack on Pearl Harbor (Dec. 7, 1941): destroy Amer. pacific fleets, west coast= vulnerable 

U.S. declaration of war against Japan (Dec. 8, 1941)

AXIS: 

Germany

Japan

Italy

Soviet Union (non-aggression pact)

ALLIES: 

British

French (they were conquered by Germany)

Soviet Union (Germany invaded them)

China (Japan invaded them)

World War II (1941-1945):

• home front economic conditions:

gov. built housing for war workers

civilian industries forced to retool for war production

wartime patriotism

urged to buy war bonds, guard against revealing military secrets, grown 'victory gardens' to allow food to be sent to the army

rationing of scarce consumer items (coffee, meat, gas)

women at work

gov. marketed billions of dollars' worth of war bonds, increased taxes, practice of withholding income tax directly from paychecks

class taxation --> mass taxation

housing shortages bc many go north for factory jobs 

nothing to buy (bc military economy) = save $

created new industrial centers

federal spending went to largest corporations (that created war materials instead)

in south, shift from agricultural --> industrial employment

unions were recognized

no strikes pledge

government economic programs created

• government economic programs:

1. War Production Board: rank product importance (products needed for war > civilian products), allocate materials, cost plus contracts (guarantee to pay for cost of item production & profit), creates new industries (synthetic rubber), consolidation
2. National War Labor Board: raise wages, allow organization of labor unions. limitations: no strike pledge (during war), safety standards go down bc doing what's needed to win war
3. Office of Price Administration: designed to prevent inflation- set prices, ration consumer products, prioritizing products

• economic changes the war brought:

government spending increased

unemployment went down

changed U.S. from civilian economy to a military economy/production

• economic changes for blacks, Latinos, women:

black migrants got on "liberty trains" & sought jobs in industrial heartland

angry white residents forced authorities to evict black tenants

race riot in Detroit (mentioned later on)

'hate strike': workers protested upgrading of black employees in plant manufacturing aircraft engines

war: segregated units

tried to use G.I. Bill- local authorities who administered its provisions allowed southern black veterans to use education benefits only at segregated colleges, limited job training to unskilled work & low-wage service jobs

Executive order 8802 (mentioned later on)

Bracero program (mentioned later on)

new Chicano culture (fusion of Mexican heritage & American experience)

rise in inter-ethnic marriages 

"zoot suit" riots (mentioned later on)

Caucasian Race- Equal Privileges Resolution

women at work

struggle against Nazi tyranny & theory of a 'master race' discredited ethnic & racial inequality

racism & nativism stripped of intellectual respectability (outside of the South), viewed as psychological disorders

Hollywood portrayed fighting units w members of different backgrounds & race putting aside differences for common cause

by end of war, new immigrant groups accepted as loyal ethnic Americans

• anti-Japanese propaganda & government actions about Japanese-Americans:

Japan attacked us = main enemy

Issei (immigrants, can't be naturalized), Nissei (their children, native born)

Executive order 9066: round up Japanese- Amer. & put in internment camps

men come first & forced to build camps then women & children come. communal living

Korematsu v. U.S. (1944) Supreme Courts side w executive order 9066 bc Japanese "posed clear & present danger"

est. loyalty oath program, expecting Japanese-Amer. to swear allegiance 

442nd infantry: Japanese-Amer., volunteers, most heavily decorated in WWII

• major turning point military events:

War in Pacific (1942-1945): (Asian theater) British + Amer. vs. Japanese. goals:

1. stop Japanese expansion
2. secure West coast of U.S.
3. keep Hawaii from being invaded (it's a naval base)
4. protect Australia & New Zealand from invasion (staging ground for army)
5. achieve equality btwn Japanese & Amer. navy (destroy Japanese ships, military equipment)

Battles of Coral sea (May 1942) & Midway (June 1942): naval & air battle, outcomes: achieved ^

pushed back Japanese

North Africa Campaign: British + Amer. vs. Germany. goals/outcomes:

1. ensure access to Mediterranean sea (to supply Soviets bc allies now) 
2. trade w Soviets^
3. oil (so that Germany can't gain access)
4. will British & Amer. armies fight well together? (yes)
5. invasion of Italy if control North Africa
6. General Dwight Eisenhower: really good general

War in Europe (1942-1945): Germany vs. Soviets:

Battle of Stalingrad (Aug. 1942-Feb. 1943)- Hitler wanted to capture Stalingrad, siege (Germans surrounded Soviets & let them die of starvation/cold/disease). Soviets bring supplies behind Germans & Soviets in siege revolt --> siege broken --> German retreat 

Operation Overlord- objectives:

1. create separate fronts in Europe
2. liberate countries that Germany conquered
3. stop Soviet expansion

D-day invasion: (June 6, 1944): new technology created, use of espionage (created 'phantom army' to attack elsewhere = redirection). American, British and Canadian forces landed on five beaches along a 50-mile stretch of the heavily fortified coast of France’s Normandy region, liberated France

V-E day: (victory in Europe) May 8, 1945- Germany surrendered bc operation overlord

war isn't over- still fighting Japan!!!!!

• how did the war end?

Allies closing in on Okinawa island (but Japanese civilians kill themselves). important bc preview of how fighting Japan will be like 

new technology: Atomic bomb --> tell Japan to "unconditionally surrender" (allies can do whatever they want to do with Japan) but Japan refuses unless they can keep their emperor (allies say no) --> Hiroshima atomic bombing (Aug. 6, 1945), Nagasaki atomic blast (Aug. 9, 1945) --> V-J day (Aug. 14, 1945) victory in Japan

1950s social conditions: decade of the “baby boom”

• white families & children:

suburbs/Levittowns- away from the city. perfect to raise children, life revolved around the children

married younger, divorced less frequently, had more children

family life was physically separated from work, relatives, & social organizations 

women:
worked part-time to help support family's middle-class lifestyle, not to help pull it out of poverty or pursue personal fulfillment or independent career
remained at home, marriage is their 'most important goal'
girls: taught to want a life like their mothers', ideas of being housewives, getting married
boys: work hard for money, follow fathers' footsteps
Ozzie & Harriet image: "American Family" = happy & behave as they're supposed to
Rules for living:

1. obey authority- don't ask questions
2. control your emotions
3. fit in with the group- conform, don't stand out
4. don't even think about having sex

• black families & children:

didn't really live in suburbs, moved from South to North

racial barriers in housing, public education, & jobs

segregation in schools: separate but NOT equal. mission was for black kids to get a good education to better themselves & their society

Little Rock: 1957, soldiers of 101st airborne division escorted nine black children into the school

Brown v. Board of Education (1954): 5 cases of unequal funding of schools combined. segregation was unequal bc it stigmatized one group as unfit to associate w others. ruled segregation in public education violated equal protection of laws guaranteed by 14th amendment. in the field of edu., "separate but equal" has no place

• red scare & communist menace:

some of those who warned of a growing “red menace” during the 1930s feared Soviet influence

church affiliations bc communism is "godless"

"Judeo-Christian" heritage (Catholics, Jews, Protestants shared same history & values)

HUAC- went after Hollywood, scientists, professors/teachers, etc. & if they wouldn't talk/admit, they were blacklisted

• rebels against society:

-panic of "juvenile delinquency": adults alarmed at teenage culture that rejected middle-class norms

-rock-and-roll music: kids use to distance themselves from parents, weird/new/different. act of rebellion. sexually provocative movements of black musicians & dancers--> Elvis Presley (white)

-The Beats: small group of poets & writers railed against mainstream culture. rejecting work ethic, materialism of suburban middle class, militarization of American life by the Cold War. celebrated impulsive action, immediate pleasure, drugs, sexual experimentation

Red Scare in U.S.:

• how red scare emerged: 

after war, U.S. was the only place w cities intact, civilians alive, factories still producing. people were scared that the Depression would come back. Soviets & the U.S. were strongest. the U.S. was strong so believed that only way U.S. could be weakened would be internally --> Federal Bureau of Investigation & J. Edgar Hoover: search for those who could be communist spies

House Un-American Activities Committee (HUAC): investigated for communism

• what politicians did to foster the red scare:

Republicans tried to use Red Scare to move people away from the Democrats 

most used anti-communist language to discredit labor and social activism and New Deal policies

anti-Communists were sometimes aided by liberals and leftists whose primary fear was fascist subversion

• how did american society react to it:

America is right, communism is evil/immoral/wrong

Duck & cover: drills/tests in case of atomic war (schools taught children what to do)
many middle class families built fallout shelters in hopes of surviving an atomic bomb

literature about survival tactics was widely distributed

• Hiss-Chambers:

Alger Hiss (worked for state department under Roosevelt then became an editor): accused of being a communist spy by Whitaker Chambers (former communist spy but 'converted') who said Hiss gave him secret gov. documents to pass to agents of Soviet Union. HUAC brings Hiss in & he denies being a spy. Republicans arrest him for perjury bc he lied about being communist under oath

Cold War 1945- 1953:

• how did it develop? 

after the war, the strongest countries were the Soviet Union & U.S.

United States began a strategy of global containment to challenge Soviet power

extended military & financial aid to the countries of Western Europe 

created the NATO alliance

• what ideas underlay it?

freedom vs. totalitarianism 

• what major events took place in this phase?

the Fair Deal

Taft-Hartley act 1947 (mentioned later on)

desegregation of armed forces

formation of States' Rights Democratic Party (Dixiecrats) & Progressive Party (Wallace)

Truman's election win in 1948

loyalty review system

HUAC's hearings about communist influence in Hollywood

the Spy Trials- Hiss & Chambers, Julius & Ethel Rosenburg (convicted of conspiracy to pass atomic bomb secrets to Soviets)

McCarthyism

Dennis v. U.S. (mentioned later)

_______________________________________________________________________

Chapter 21: 

• Dust Bowl: period of unusually dry weather/drought + mechanized agriculture pulverizing topsoil & killing grass --> erosion, wind blowing soil away/ "Dust" bowl
• John Steinback's The Grape of Wrath: novel, capturing plight of a dispossessed family going from Oklahoma to California
• Federal Housing Administration: insured millions of long-term mortgages issued by private banks, home ownership came within reach
• 21st amendment: repealed Prohibition
• Security & Exchange Commission: regulated stock & bond markets
• John L. Lewis: head of United Mine Workers, led walkout that produced a new labor organization- CIO
• Congress of Industrial Organizations: set out to create unions in the main bastions of the American economy, aimed to secure economic freedom & industrial democracy for Amer. workers- a share in the wealth produced by their labor & a voice about working conditions
• United Auto Workers: fledgling CIO union, Dec. 1936: sit-down (stopped production but stayed inside)
• sit-down strike at General Motors: sit-downs spread to GM, workers fought off police who tried to storm in. strikers cleaned the plant, oiled machinery, prepared meals, etc. Feb. 11: Gm agreed to negotiate w UAW
• Huey Long: embodied Louisiana's Populist & Socialist traditions, won election as governor (1928) & was in U.S. senate (1930). built roads, schools, hospitals & increased tax on oil companies. launched "Share Our Wealth" movement, called for confiscation of most of the wealth of the richest Americans to finance grant/job/annual income for all citizens. was going to run for president but was assassinated
• Aimee Semple McPherson: Los Angeles revivalist, broadcasted sermons on radio station, sermons used elaborate sets, costumes, etc.
• Father Charles Coughlin: "radio priest", attracted listeners w weekly broadcasts attacking Wall Street bankers & greedy capitalists. criticized FDR bc failure of New Deal to promote social justice. Antisemitism & support for European fascism
• Rural Electrification Agency: bring electric power to homes that lacked it (farms) to enable more Americans to buy household appliances (one of New Deal's most successful programs)
• Wagner act: brought democracy into workplace by empowering National Labor Relations Board to supervise elections in which employees voted on union representation. outlawed unfair labor practices/firing/blacklisting union organizers
• Alfred Landon: Kansas governor, chosen by Republicans as Roosevelt's opponent. former Theodore Roosevelt Progressive. denounced Social Security as threat to individual liberty
• Indian Reorganization Act of 1934: ended policy of dividing Indian lands into small plots for individual families & selling off the rest 
• Grand Coulee Dam: built on Columbia River, flooded where Indians hunted/fished but irrigation water was not made available to reservations
• Popular Front: period during mid-1930s when Communist Party tried to ally itself w socialists & New Dealers in movements for social change, urging reform of capitalist system rather than revolution. Communists gained respectability

Chapter 22:

• Four Freedoms: popular paintings during WWII by Norman Rockwell, essential human freedoms: freedom of speech, freedom of worship, freedom from want, & freedom from fear
• Road to War:

-China: Japan invaded Manchuria (province of norther China) then went further. massacred many Chinese prisoners of war & civilians in Nanjing/Nanking

-Benito Mussolini: Italian leader, founder of fascism, invaded & conquered Ethiopia

-Francisco Franco & Spanish Civil War: led uprising (1936) against democratically elected government of Spain, established another fascist government in Euro.

-Appeasement: hoped agreeing to Hitler's demands would prevent war (adopted by Britain & France). Neville Chamberlain used to give Hitler the Sudetenland 

• Isolationism: 1930s version of Americans' desire to avoid foreign entanglements
• Neutrality Acts: banned travel on belligerents' ships & sale of arms to countries at war (to help U.S. avoid conflicts over freedom of the seas)
• Holocaust: "final solution"- mass extermination of 'undesirable' peoples (Slavs, gypsies, homosexuals, Jews), result of belief that Germans had a "master race" destined to rule world
• Wartime Manufacturing: war materials built in American factories, gov. sponsored (offered low interest loans, tax concessions, contracts w profits) 
• Office of War Information: 1942, created to mobilize public opinion. used radio, film, press, etc. to give meaning to conflict of WWII
• Women at Work: during war, women were mobilized to fill vacant industrial jobs (since men were fighting). women encouraged to go to work, glorified for being independent. forced unions to confront issues of equal pay for equal work, maternity leave, & childcare facilities

-Rosie the Riveter: female industrial laborer, shown as muscular & self-reliant in Rockwell's magazine cover

• National Resources Planning Board: 1942 & 1943 reports: offered blueprint for peacetime economy based on full employment, expanded welfare state, widely shared Amer. standard of living . called for "new bill of rights" including all Amer. in expanded Social security system, access to education, health care, housing, jobs, etc. plan for "full-employment economy"
• Economic Bill of Rights: (Roosevelt, 1944) expand power of original Bill of Rights to secure full employment, adequate income, medical care, education. Congress did not enact it
• Bracero Program: tens of thousands of contract laborers crossed into U.S. to take jobs as domestic & agricultural workers. designed as temporary response to wartime labor shortage
• Zoot Suit Riots: club-wielding sailors & police attacked Mexican-Amer. youths wearing flamboyant clothing on streets of L.A., illustrated limits of wartime tolerance
• Caucasian Race- Equal Privileges Resolution: since all the nations of the North & South American continents were united in struggle against Nazism, all persons of the Caucasian race were entitled to equal treatment in places of public accommodation (TX law had defined Mexicans as white so it applied to them). lacked enforcement mechanism 
• Navajo "code talkers": transmitted messages for U.S. in their complex native language so that Japanese could not decipher them (Indians)
• Detroit Race Riot: fight at Detroit city park turned into race riot (1943), 34 dead
• Executive Order 8802: (Roosevelt) banned discrimination in defense jobs & est. Fair Employment Practices Commission to monitor compliance 
• Double V campaign: phrase that symbolized black attitudes during the war. victory over Germany & Japan must be accompanied by victory over segregation at home
• Smith v. Allwright (1944): Supreme Court outlawed all-white primaries (one of the ways southern states deprived blacks of political rights)
• Pan Africa Congresses: attended by black intellectuals from U.S., Caribbean, Europe, & Africa. denounced colonial rule of Africa, sought to est. sense of unity among all people in African diaspora 
• Bretton Woods Agreement: replaced British pound with the dollar as main currency for international transactions. reestablished link btwn dollar & gold. created 2 Amer.-dominated financial institutions: World Bank & The International Monetary Fund. created framework for postwar capitalist economic system, based on a freer international flow of goods & investment & recognition of U.S. as world's financial leader

-World Bank: provide money to developing countries & help rebuild Euro.

-International Monetary Fund: work to prevent governments from devaluing currencies to gain advantage in international trade

Chapter 23: 

• Iron Curtain speech: Winston Churchill (Britain's former wartime prime minister) declared an iron curtain had descended across Euro., dividing the free west & communist east. Popularized idea of long-term struggle btwn U.S. & Soviets
• Berlin blockade & airlift: Soviets cut off road & rail traffic so Western planes supplied fuel & food to their zone of the city through airlift
• United Nations' universal declaration of human rights: principles so fundamental that no gov. has right to violate them
• Fair Deal: Truman's domestic task regarding transition from wartime to peacetime economy, focused on improving social safety net & raising standard of living. called on Congress to increase minimum wage, enact program of national health insurance, expand public housing, Social security, & aid to edu.
• Taft-Hartley Act: 1947, sought to reverse some gains made by organized labor in past decade. made it more difficult to bring unorganized workers into unions, contributed to decline of organized labor's share of nation's workforce
• Jackie Robinson: Brooklyn Dodgers, major league baseball. dignity in face of constant verbal abuse won him nationwide respect. Rookie of the year award. opened door to integration of baseball
• Dennis v. U.S. (1951): Supreme Court upheld jailing of communist party leaders even though charges concerned their beliefs, not their actions
• loyalty & conformity: anti-communist crusade promoted new definition: anything other than "uncritical & unquestioning acceptance of America as it is" = unpatriotic
• McCarran-Walter Act: 1952, passed over prez.'s veto. kept immigration quotas in place. authorized deportation of immigrants I.D.'d as communists (even if they were citizens)

The Cold War (1945-1950)

• George Kennan & containment: (American Diplomat) telegram laying foundation for policy or containment, where U.S. commits itself to prevent further expansion of Soviet power
• Truman Doctrine: est. guiding spirit of Amer. foreign policy, set a precedent for Amer. assistance to anti-communist regimes throughout the world
• Domino Theory: if one country in a region came under the influence of communism, then the surrounding countries would follow in a domino effect
• Marshall Plan: offered positive vision to go along w containment, European Recovery Program, American initiative to aid Western Europe, envisioned a New Deal for Europe
• North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO): North Atlantic Treaty Organization (U.S., Canada, ten western Euro. nations), pledging mutual defense against any future Soviet attack
• "losing" China: communists victorious in China- Republicans assailed for having 'lost' China
• NSC-68: (National Security Council Report 68) 1950 manifesto, described Cold war as epic struggle, helped spur dramatic increase in Amer. military spending. provided the blueprint for the militarization of the Cold War from 1950 to the collapse of the Soviet Union at the beginning of the 1990s

HIST 1302 exam #2 | review

Darwinism: 1870-1920
idea of natural selection, adaptation, evolution from Charles Darwin
Herbert Spencer- "survival of the fittest"- applied ideas to human institutions

• beliefs in social Darwinism including laissez-faire capitalism:

William Graham Sumner believed traditions emerge bc that's how society organized it
concept of social evolution based on individual competition

corporations emerged bc better adapted to environment

laissez-faire capitalism= saw freedom as the right of individuals to pursue their economic interests w/o outside restraint, "hands off" gov.
eugenics movement: your genetics make you better
Madison Grant's "The Passing of the Great Race" some white people/groups are superior to others
Henry Ward Beecher: (protestant) believed more $ = more moral (old puritan idea)
^Beecher-Tilton scandal (affair)

• beliefs in reform Darwinism including the social Gospel movement:

humans better than animals bc have mind/soul
mind --> we can control our environment --> we can control what happens to us
change environment through education --> help immigrants improve themselves
recognized that the fittest could be those who cooperated with each other

settlement houses: teach kids middle class values
Jane Addams & Hull House: advocates for lower class, fundraising & donates $ for settlement houses

Washington Gladden: (protestant) --> social Gospel movement= originated effort to reform Protestant churches by expanding appeal & making them more attentive to era's social ills. applied Christian ethics to social problems, especially issues of social justice. christian duty to help others to improve society/environment
Charles Sheldon (minister in social gospel movement) book: "In His Steps"- idea: WWJD?

Progressivism: 1890-1920

• why develop? 

1. reform Darwinism & social gospel movement
2. panic of 1893: people realize others aren't poor bc they're lazy. no jobs, depression, etc.
3. muckrakers (usually socialists) & muckraking journalism: talking about problems in Amer. society- printed magazines, journals, etc. 

• who believed/benefited?

middle class people bc it gives them more power. wanted direct gov. action to solve problems. wanted gov. to regulate corporations, not own them (like socialists would want)

• political progressive reforms (changes to the political system itself):

voter registration laws: kept people from voting- disfranchises lower class/poor

poll tax: tax on right to vote, cumulative

literacy test: could make someone read a hard or easy part of the constitution depending on if the registrar likes them/ wants them to vote (targeted republicans bc that's what part the blacks supported)

grandfather clause: if your grandfather in 1860 can vote, you can too (so that democrats who couldn't read could still vote)

secret ballot: you have to be literate to vote bc don't get help. disfranchises lower class who don't know how to vote/mark ballots correctly

16th amendment: 1913, income tax (provides stable $ source, designed to tax upper class)

17th amendment: direct election of senators (the people pick)

• economic progressive reforms (changes to society, especially women):

Sherman anti-trust act 1890: prohibits business activities that federal government regulators think are anti-competitive, prevent the artificial raising of prices by restriction of trade or supply. used against unions

trust-busting: Theodore Roosevelt (progressive republican) becomes president, doesn't like how monopolies affect consumers --> break (bad) monopolies to create competition

Upton Sinclair: muckraker- socialist. writes "The Jungle" (1906) about meat packing industry --> gov. investigation --> meat inspection act 1906: gov. regulator make sure animals that are slaughtered are healthy 

pure food & drug act: ban manufacture, sale, & transportation of adulterated (adding non-food to product to make it "more"), misbranded (ex. selling cat meat as other meat), or harmful food/drugs/liquors 

Harrison act 1906:  ban sale of narcotics & opiates

federal reserve act 1913: Woodrow Wilson = president at the time. act created federal reserve system --> federal reserve banks -->

1. regulated currency/stabilized inflation & deflation
2. regulate banking system (stopped speculation ??)
3. oversee interest rates (lower/raise bc inflation/deflation)

child labor reform: children 15 & under working in textile, news, mining may be major source of income for some families. progressives think children need to be in school --> laws limiting work hours for children --> corporations file lawsuits --> supreme court says can't regulate children's hours bc it's a contract btwn corporation & child

women's labor: limit hours women work

Muller v. Oregon 1908: Oregon passes 10 hr limit, 6 days a week for women. Muller (laundry owner) files lawsuit --> Florence Kelly (of National consumers' union) & Louis Brandeis (Jewish progressive) write a defense of Oregon law --> judicial activism: set aside old precedent, things have changed --> sup. crt agrees w Oregon. --> limited hours for women

international ladies' garment workers' union: companies have to stop charging rent on sewing machines & increase pay

Rose Scheiderman: worked in garment industry. strike leader. reach out to middle class consumers so that strike is stronger --> strike wins bc well organized, play to the audience, middle class

clothing reform: changed from corsets, bustles, no ankles, restricting clothes --> clothes that make it easier to be mobile so women can play golf, tennis, ride bikes, etc.

Victoria Woodhull: 1st female stockbroker, "free love" has a newspaper: attacks sexual double standard

Margaret Sanger: saw it was a problem that women couldn't control how many babies they were having --> gave women diaphragms, taught sex ed/sent out basic reproductive info in mail (only to married women) --> men didn't like this --> arrested for "sending porn" 

her organization changes names to planned parenthood

settlement  houses= social progressivism

national american women suffrage association: want right to vote so that can reform society:

1. it's only fair
2. women pay taxes too
3. they're citizens
4. they follow laws like men do

^people don't agree bc women aren't in the military, juries, or in a "posse" & they don't need the right to vote bc  they have male relatives who "can vote for them"

1913, woman suffrage parade in Washington D.C.: women from all states in parade, are attacked & arrested

suffragists: moderate/lobbying

suffragettes: radicals, fight back

Imperialism: 1865-1917
territorial expansion

• anti-imperialism: 
1. racism: (south) non-whites shouldn't be in the states
2. expense of an empire: would cost a lot- democrats didn't want that
3. senator George Hoar: says it will create classicism/ some people "belonging to U.S." won't have rights 

• imperialism: "need it" bc:

1. markets for exports 
2. Alfred Thayer Mahan's "The Influence of Sea Power Upon History" (U.S. needs fueling stations- islands- for ships)
3. religion: protestant christian missionaries (Josiah Strong)
4. social Darwinism: Albert Beveridge 

William Mckinley = president 1896: won  & sees it as the people want to be an empire

insular cases 1901: people of annexed territory file court case saying they're americans. court rules that the"constitution doesn't follow the flag"- U.S. owns the territory but they're not citizens

• Spanish-American war: what happened? effects? 

Cuban struggle won u.s.'s support. 1898- yellow press blamed Spain for U.S.S. Maine. Spain rejected ceasefire--> Mckinley asked congress to declare war. purpose: to help Cuban patriots in struggle for "liberty & freedom" -->  U.S. also supported the ongoing struggle of Cuba, Puerto Rico and the Philippines for independence against Spanish rule --> conflict --> navy defeated Spanish fleet May 1--> another victory July --> Treaty of Paris

• Philippine-american war: what happened? effects?

Mckinley decided to retain possession of islands, Filipino movement turned against u.s. --> war --> reports of what american troops did tarnished nation's self-image --> McKinley administration said its aim was to "uplift & civilize & Christianize" them 

• panama canal: what happened? effects?

Colombia refused to cede land--> Roosevelt set in motion uprisings--> helped Panama become independent from Colombia--> get to create canal that links Atlantic & Pacific ocean--> William Crawford Gorgas understood mosquitoes & told them how to get rid of them so that people building canals wouldn't die --> reduced sea voyage

• mexico: what happened? effects?

under Mexican president Porfirio Diaz, Amer. companies controlled mining, rubber, & oil in Mexico. Mexicans have built up resentment --> Mexican Revolution 1911-1920 --> many Mexicans leave to U.S. --> General Victoriano Huerta resents Amer. --> passes law: foreign ships have to have permission before landing --> 1914 U.S.S. dolphin lands w/o permission --> arrested 

U.S. @ Vera Cruz: attacked 

Argentina, Brazil, & Cuba step in to prevent war btwn Amer. & Mexico

General Francisco "Pancho" Villa doesn't like Amer. bc they control Mexico so much --> attacked New Mexico & went back to Mexico --> U.S. asks president Venustiano Carranza to invade, he lets them --> General John "Black Jack" Pershing can't find Pancho Villa & shoots other Mexican civilians --> Carranza forces them out --> U.S. sends national guard to border to defend from Mexican attacks & shoots everyone bc don't know different btwn Mexicans & Mexican-Amer.

• China & Hawaii:

Hawaii lay astride shipping routes to market of China 

already had Chinese workers

Hawaii became traditional territory- became Amer. citizens & admitted as a state

First World War: 1914-1918

allies: France, Russia, great Britain
central powers: Germany, Austro-Hungarian empire, ottoman empire

• american foreign policy btwn 1914-1916 (before U.S. entry into war):

neutrality- not involved (though they favor the allies bc the french have been their ally since forever & the British share a similar language & culture)

neutral shipping rights: trade ties must precede war, can't trade "war materials" (but anything can be a war material)

• american military personnel during war: 

segregated- Americans thought whites needed more training so gave black troops to France

369th infantry: most heavily decorated for bravery, fought longer than whites, treated as equals by British & French

• conduct of war 1917-1918:

British stop Amer. ships from trading w Germany, can only trade w them

British are cutting communication so Americans don't know about ^

Germany creates U-boats (submarines) to attack British ships (element of surprise) but war rules: civilian ship has to be WARNED by war ship that they're going to attack --> unrestricted submarine warfare --> sinking of Lusitania (1915) --> Germany stops unrestricted warfare to please America

• conditions at home during war:

preparedness campaign:

1. build up army & navy supplies
2. need officers (who have college degrees)--> PT on college campuses 
3. patriotic education (talks good about U.S.) to convince immigrants to fight for U.S.

no one wants war --> U.S. congress declares war on Apr. 4, 1917 bc:

1. Germans announce they're going back to unrestricted sub. warfare 
2. Zimmerman telegram: Germany sends message to Mexico saying they'll help take back the lost territory if they invade America
3. Russian Czar Nicholas II is thrown out--> Parliamentary government
4. Germany sinks 5 Amer. ships in 1 week

selective service act: 18-35, 1/3 of men = unfit to fight bc:

1. punctured eardrum/flat feet/etc.
2. too thin/undernourished --> diseases & high STD rate
3. IQ tests to determine jobs

espionage act 1917: prevents from criticizing gov., military, etc. in print

sedition act 1917: no false or scandalous talk about gov., restricts freedom of speech

Schenk v. U.S. 1919 --> civil rights can be denied/ abridged if it poses "clear & present danger"

100% Americanism, Super patriotism: unquestioning blind loyalty to gov. --> attacks on socialists (who don't support war), Quakers (who don't fight) & German-Americans

Robert Prager- spoke English w German accent = "spy"--> attacked & hanged --> "not guilty" bc "patriotic murder"

• conditions for american soldiers:

military training camps: white zones of "purity" = keep out bad influences --> leads to high syphilis & gonorrhea rates--> changes men's sexual standards & marriage views

Lloyd Stanley: in NY where many soldiers & sailors are for Camp Mills

"mass production" of soldiers = industrialism 

Stull Holt: Verdun attack, roads packed w traffic, guns, etc., use of gas & shells 

Albert Smith: gas & machine guns, no bath, battle in Argenne Forest. 3rd Tenn. Infantry: black regiment

1920s

• conditions when war ended: prohibition, woman suffrage, etc.:

18th amendment: prohibition- bans manufacture/sale/transport of brewed (beer), fermented (wine), & distilled (liquor) beverages. doesn't ban drinking it

^ why?

1. wasting food by turning into alcohol
2. beer comes from Germany
3. if [not drinking] is good enough for the soldiers, it's good enough for civilians

Volstead act: can't drink alcohol= amount consumed goes down 50% bc drinking changed:

before- drinking was part of an event, after- drinking WAS the event. people went out to get drunk --> public intoxication increases

before- people drank deer & wine, after- drink hard liquor bc sellers can make more money 

Al Capone & organized crime: selling illegal alcohol

women's suffrage: they argued that they "went to war" bc they contributed since it was a total war

19th amendment: right to vote regardless of sex/gender

strikes in 1919: (bc during WW1, they worked for less bc patriotic duty but now they want better wages & bc inflation)

-Seattle general strike: dock workers + other unions walk off job--> shuts down whole city

-Boston police strike: police in poverty, no to pay rise --> strike --> Calvin Coolidge sends national guard to break up strike

wall street bombing 1919: Wallstreet = symbol of capitalism--> 36 mail bombs--> people think it's the Bolsheviks --> red scare

• development of the Red Scare & it's effects:

1917- Bolshevik revolution: Russians are promised that they'll end the war

Bolsheviks are communists (think that gov. should own all property), atheists (want to eliminate religion bc it creates a false divide btwn classes), & dictators 

fear that they're coming to Amer. --> paranoid about socialists, anarchists, & labor union supporters 

Palmer raids led by A. Mitchell Palmer (attorney general) & J. Edgar Hoover (FBI): arrested over 6000 people w/o warrant & no bail--> put on "Soviet ark" & sent to Russia. unconstitutional!!

immigrant reforms: immigrants are coming in again after war --> fears bc 100% Americanism --> Johnson- Reed act 1924: quota sys. for limiting total # of immigrants coming in & # from each country

visa system: to legally migrate

• black Americans in the 1920s + Harlem Renaissance:

blacks do well financially--> can support culture separate from white culture. glorification of black life/people. (mainly through literature & music)

Langston Hughes: poem- "My people" (black people are beautiful)

Claude McKay: "If we must die" (about lynchings, we should fight back). criticizing South by safety of the North

Cotton Club 1936: whites like the culture but scared of blacks/don't feel safe so blacks are "selling" their culture at this club for only whites (other than black entertainers/workers)

Edward "Duke" Ellington: jazz- same instruments, played differently, up-tempo, improv.

Bessie Smith: blues- slower, talk about negative parts of being black

Marcus Garvey: Universal Negro Improvement Association: should be economically independent from whites, black pride, black nationalism (support black businesses). owns black star line

• great migration for African Americans:

South --> North (Chicago & NY)

"The Migration of Negroes"-W.E.B. DuBois: NAACP's monthly journal "Crisis" said 

causes: economic-boll weevil & floods in Alabama & Mississippi. wide demand for common labor bc cut off immigration. outbreaks of mob violence

destruction of civil & political rights, lack of protection of life, liberty & property, low wages, Jim Crow, segregation, poor education, harsh & unfair treatment, lynching 

opportunity in north: industrial betterment

didn't care about how they were unprepared for the climate

"The Promised Land?": North = more political & social rights, jobs increased bc cut off immigration. higher wages, educational opportunities, political rights

"The Truth About the North"-The Chicago Commission on Race Relations-"The Arrival in Chicago":

North= scarcity of houses, increase in church membership = efforts to re-engage in community life. 

Urban league helped w adjustment to new conditions. Travelers aid Society & United Charities helped secure living quarters & jobs for them

newspapers: instructions on dress & conduct

farmers & plantation workers: learn new tasks

changes of status, disparity in educational standards

Thomas Family: search for house, no plumbing, electricity, gas, bath, etc. children ashamed of manners of parents.

Jones Family: took a big house & took in lodgers to aid in paying rent. moved N to escape undesirable practices & customs in South/Jim crow & segregation

"Building a New Life in the North"-Charles S. Johnson- "These 'Colored' United States":

effective in politics

• social changes in the 1920s (movies & tech):

consumerism: making people feel emotions to buy stuff (comes from WW1 propaganda). buy stuff = shows class/status

no $ = higher consumer debt bc installment plans (get the object, pay per week + interest. if don't pay in time = repossessed)

advertising: sex sells

AM radio: radio broadcasts, can be heard from further places, brings new way of thinking into small towns. sex themes: changes views of opposite sex, courting, etc.

movies: Clara Bow, the "It Girl" = sexy. Theda Bara in Cleopatra (vamp) = "man user".  Rudolph Valentino, "The Matador"

model T Ford: affordable, basic transportation --> "parking" for "petting & necking"

flappers: teens-20s w more leg showing, short hair, bras instead of corsets, make up

companionate marriage: marry someone who will be your best friend, lover, provider, etc. = more divorce bc too much pressure on a marriage

• backlash against changes (KKK):

Ku Klux Klan: resurgence in 1920s, claimed more members, nearly all white, native-born protestants w respected positions in communities. roots in parts of North & West. attacked broader array of targets- blacks & immigrants & all the forces endangering indiv. liberty

• religious changes in the 1920s (Fundamentalism & ministers):

sister Aimee Semple Mcpherson: Pentecostal (new religious system: speaking in tongues, faith healing, falling out, etc. millennialism) 

had a gospel car & KFSG radio station to reach out to followers 

built church Angelus Temple, uses aspects of Amer. culture/style to bring people in

has a food pantry & seminary to train women: outreaching to expand

fundamentalists: Lyman Stewart= scared that if people start saying some parts of the bible aren't literally true then people might start throwing all of it out. publishes 5 Fundamental Truths. basically says that the bible is literally true, all of that stuff happened, no errors

^ leads to anti-evolution movement: push to ban evolution from schools --> butler act: illegal to teach anything but creationism --> John Scopes taught it so could be arrested to get a case --> Scopes trials

__________________________________________________

Chapter 17:

• Hawaii annexation: already closely tied w u.s. through treaties, economy was dominated by Amer. owned sugar plantations. 1893- queen Liliuokalani of Hawaii was overthrown by Amer. planters. Harrison submitted treaty of annexation, Cleveland withdrew bc Hawaiians didn't agree w treaty. 1898- u.s. annexed
• Spanish-American war: (above)

-yellow press: new mass circulation newspapers promo'd nationalistic sentiments. dubbed "yellow press" after color that Hearst printed a comic strip. mixing sensational accounts of crime & political corruption w aggressive appeals to patriotic sentiments

-Guerrilla warfare: 10 yrs w Spain following Cuban revolt

-battleship Maine: explosion destroyed battleship U.S.S. Maine in havana harbor- nearly 270 died

-teller amendment: states that U.S. had no intention of annexing or dominating Cuba

-Theodore Roosevelt & rough riders: resigned post as assistant secretary of navy to raise volunteer cavalry unit

-battle of San Juan hill: most highly publicized land battle (in Cuba). rough riders charged up hill

-Platt amendment: authorized u.s. to intervene militarily whenever seen fit. Mckinley forced Cuba to add to new gov.

-Jose Marti: stirred up revolution in Cuba from exile in u.s.--> traveled to Cuba to be part of uprising --> killed in battle. "to change masters is not to be free"

• open door policy in china: demanded that European powers that divided China into commercial spheres of influence grant equal access to Amer. exports. referred to free movement of goods & money 

• boxer rebellion in china: 1900, Chinese nationalists killed thousands of Christian Chinese & besieged foreign embassies in Beijing. U.S. contributed solders to international force to help suppress rebellion

• Philippine war: (above)

-Emilio Aguinaldo: Philippines' leader, est. provisional gov. w constitution modeled on U.S.'s

-William Howard Taft: governor-general of the Philippines (1901)

• foraker act: 1900, declared Puerto Rico an "insular territory". citizens of Puerto Rico, not U.S.

Chapter 18:

• muckrakers: new generation of journalists writing for mass-circulation national magazines exposing the ills of industrial & urban life 

• Henry Ford & rise of fordism: developed techniques of production & marketing that brought automobiles in the reach of ordinary Americans. introduced model T. concentrated on standardizing output & lowering prices. Ford's factory adopted idea of moving assembly line--> reduced time it took to produce each car. emphasizes minimization of costs instead of maximization of profit

• consumerism: new advertising industries perfected ways of increasing sales. "school of freedom" bc shoppers made individ. choices on basic questions of living. personal fulfillment will be found through acquiring material goods

• Frederick Taylor & scientific management: program that sought to streamline production & boost profits by systematically controlling costs & work practices. through this, "one best way" of producing goods could be determined & implemented

• socialist party: called for immediate reforms of free college education, legislation to improve condition of laborers, democratic control over economy through public ownership of railroads & factories

• industrial workers of the world: IWW: unionists who rejected AFL's  (American Federation of Labor) exclusionary policies. advocate of worker's revolution that would seize means of production & abolish the state. solidarity. 

-William Haywood: leader, accused of instigating murder of former anti-union governor- found not guilty

-Lawrence strike: already a strike going on then in Lawrence, Massachusetts- group of women strikers sent strikers' children out of city for duration of the walkout. socialist families took them in --> wave of sympathy for strikers (bc children looked pale & half-starved) --> officials ordered no more kids could leave --> group of mothers & children defied, police drove them away w clubs --> governor intervened --> strike settled on workers' terms

-Paterson strike: Paterson, New Jersey- highly publicized uprising. black & white dockworkers prevented employers' efforts to eliminate their unions & reduce their wages. interracial solidarity

-Ludlow massacre: strikers demanded recognition of United Mine Workers of America, wage increases, 8 hr work day, etc. --> mine owners evicted strikers from company housing --> moved into tent colonies --> armed militia attacked & burned

• Emma Goldman: lectured about right to birth control, distributed pamphlets w info about contraceptives 

• Carlos Montezuma: founder of society of American Indians. est. newsletter: Wassaja- condemned federal paternalism toward Indians. demanded full citizenship for Indians

• Robert la Follette: most influential progressive administration at the state level. implemented Wisconsin idea: nominate candidates through primary elections rather than political bosses, tax corporate wealth, state reg. of railroads & public utilities 

• John Muir & nature: organized Sierra Club to preserve forests from uncontrolled logging by timber companies. love of nature stemmed from religious feelings 

• conservation movement: conservation became concerted federal policy. wildlife preserves & national parks were created. regulation of use of resources

-Richard Ballinger: secretary of interior, thought Roosevelt exceeded authority in placing land in forest reserves- decided to return some land to public

-Gifford Pinchot: accused Ballinger of colluding w business interests & repudiating environmental goals of Roosevelt administration

• federal trade commission: est. to investigate & prohibit "unfair" business activities. reflected expansion of federal role in economy during progressive era

Chapter 19:

• dollar diplomacy: what Taft's foreign policy became known as bc he emphasized economic investment & loans from Amer. banks rather than military intervention as best way to spread Amer. influence. 

• wartime state section: 

WW1 created national state w unprecedented powers & increased presence in American's lives

war--> bring new nationalist state that Roosevelt & progressives wanted

federal agencies regulated industry, transportation, labor relations & agriculture

war industries board presided over all elements of war production 

est. standardized specifications for everything = efficiency

railroad administration controlled nations transportation sys.

fuel agency rationed coal & oil

food administration instructed farmers on modern methods of cultivation

war labor board pushed for minimum wage, 8 hr workdays, right to form unions

during war: wages rose, working conditions improved, union membership doubled

• Alice Paul & national women's party: leader, pressed for right to vote w militant tactics. "how could the country fight for democracy abroad while denying it to women at home". followers chained themselves to white house fence. (suffragettes) 

• coercive patriotism: suspected of disloyalty to flag --> kiss it in public. made statements critical of flag --> imprisoned. patriotism = support for the government 

-american protective league: helped justice department identify radicals & critics of war by spying on neighbors & carrying out "slacker raids"- men stopped on streets to show draft registration cards 

• Madison Grant & The Passing of the Great Race: warned that influx of new immigrants & low birthrate of white women threatened foundations of Amer. civilization

• Niagara movement: black leaders @ Niagara falls & organized movement to reinvigorate abolitionist tradition. Declaration of Principles called for restoring to blacks the right to vote, end to racial segregation, & complete equality in econ. & edu. opportunity

• tulsa riot: Tulsa, Oklahoma- 1921, black veterans tried to prevent a lynching of a youth who fell on a white female (led to rumors of rape) --> white mob burned an all-black section of city --> more than 300 blacks killed & 10000 homeless

• flu epidemic: Spanish influenza pandemic (global): spring 1918-summer 1919. killed nearly 700000 Americans

• worldwide upsurge/soviet union: 

Soviet Union: gov. had nationalized landholdings, banks, factories, etc.

democratic aspirations sent hope & fear throughout the world

Wilson: hoped to foster trade w them but fear of communism inspired military intervention. refused to extend diplomatic recognition to Lenin's gov.

• Seattle strike: walkout of shipyard workers turned into a general strike that united AFL unions & IWW. committee of labor leaders oversaw city services until federal troops ended strike

• great steel strike: united mostly immigrant workers in demands for union recognition, higher wages, & 8 hr workday --> strike collapsed bc steel magnates counterattacked using anti-immigrant sentiment & propaganda about them associating w IWW, communism, etc.

Chapter 20:

• Sacco & Vanzetti trial: 1920, police arrested Nicola Sacco & Bartolomeo Vanzetti (2 Italian immigrants), accused of participating in robbery at a factory where a security guard was killed. little evidence but they were anarchists & immigrants so they were "guilty"

• Bruce Barton & The Man Nobody Knows: advertising executive, best seller that showed jesus as a great advertiser 

• American plan: "open shop"- workplace free of gov. regulation & unions

• Robert & Helen Lynd's Middletown: study of life in Muncie, Indiana- typical community. found that new leisure activities & emphasis on consumption replaced politics as focus of concern

• teapot dome scandal: notorious, involved Secretary of interior: Albert Fall. accepted money from private businessmen to whom he leased gov. oil reserves at Teapot dome, Wyoming. first cabinet member convicted of felony

• hays code for movies: enforced set of guidelines that prohibited movies from showing nudity, log kisses, & adultery. barred scripts showing clergymen in a negative light, or criminal sympathetically. hoped self-censorship would prevent censorship from local gov.

• Billy Sunday: revivalist preacher- theatrical preaching style- fundamentalist

-100% Americanism: continued into 1920s- citizenship education programs, legal visits into immigrants' homes to investigate, efforts by employers to instill appreciation for Amer. values

-Leo Frank: Jewish factory manager accused of killing a teenage girl --> lynched --> KKK reborn

• new negro: rejection of established stereotypes & a search for black values to put in their place