Tuesday, September 26, 2017

the bauhaus pt. 1 & 2: from weimar to dessau to berlin | new typography

key terms:
walter gropius
staatliches bauhaus: weimar, dessau
oskar schlemmer
johannes ittenn: vorkurs or introductory course
wassily kandinsky
paul klee
marcel breuer
josef albers
marianne brandt
wilhelm wagenfeld
gunte stotzel
laszlo moholy-nagy
hannes meyer
mies van der rohe

characteristics:
-started 1919 until 1933
-anxious thrill of industrialization for something other than war
-need for standardization
-futurists' call for change
-de stijl's call back to order
-merge the arts & industry
-create goods for modern society
-dynamic institution: keeps changing according to the times
-key catalyst for new typography
-simplified forms
-rationality & functionality
-idea that mass production was reconcilable with the individual artistic spirit
-form follows function
-unify art, craft, and technology
  • "bau" = building
bauhaus logo- schlemmer
walter gropius founded bauhaus in 1919
weimer, germany (where bauhaus was founded)
manifesto penned by gropius
bauhaus was a state funded school
(would be affected by wartime in Germany)
bauhaus educational plan- pedagogical circle
start from outside & go in when you start specializing more
rigorous curriculum for design
gropius created a quota for women
they initially were ushered to textiles, pottery, etc.
johannes ittenn
johannes & color contrast
kandinsky

marcel breuer
breuer created this chair for kandinsky
industrial, tubular steel
woman wearing mask by oskar schlemmer in a chair by breuer
experimental exploration
  • theo van doesburg comes to teach at bauhaus
van doesburg's book
basic concept for new formative arts
josef albers
future of mass produced, standardized types as answer for growing middle class
basic geometric shapes
unadorned
wilhelm wagenfeld
industrial pressed glass
simple shapes
unadorned- the tea will provide decoration
marrianne brandt
reductive shapes
adjustable ceiling lamp- brandt
ashtray- marianne brandt
textiles
de stijl language
textile- anni albers (albers' wife)
  • 1923: johannes was dismissed by gropius bc he couldn't answer to government regarding ittenn
-became increasingly conservative
laszlo moholy-nagy (hungarian)
experimenter
took over introductory course that johannes taught
russian constructivist background
coined the phrase "the new vision" for photography
cover by laszlo moholy-nagy
photogram- laszlo
photogram- laszlo
the radio tower in berlin- laszlo
experimenting w bird's eye view
laszlo
laszlo
  • tension was rising btwn bauhaus & more conservative government
-had to mount exhibition to show what they were doing
exhibition poster
exhibition poster
includes the face on the logo
experimental kitchen prototype at exhibition
cover for exhibition- hebert bayer
sans serif typography
  • government added more sanctions to the school, less funding
-end of 1924: gropius & others resigned bc they couldn't stand less funding
  • bauhaus accepted invitation from dessau to move there & teach
dessau bauhaus
aesthetic building represented what they were teaching
quickly built new, modern school by using mass-produced parts
built a dorm so students could live on campus
schlemmer's nighttime performances
hannes meyer comes to replace gropius
gets rid of any "costly artiness"
strong socialist beliefs clashed w local authorities
he moved on
another chapter when gropius resigns & meyer comes
last leader of bauhaus: mies van der rohe
  • 1931: dessau government full of nazis
-cancelled bauhaus contracts
  • mies takes teachers & go to berlin to try to keep bauhaus going
-nazis forcibly close bauhaus in 1933
bauhaus berlin location
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PART 2
key terms:
herbert bayer: universal typeface: 1923-25
jan tschichold: die neue typographie (the new typography), 1928;
typographische gestaltung (typographic design), 1933
blackletter

bauhaus typography:
-influences of russian constructivism, de stijl, etc.
-industrial aesthetic
-orthogonal structure, right angles
-asymmetrical
-use of positive & negative spaces
-controlled order
-universal type
  sans serif = best to express spirit of the machine
  gets rid of human trace/calligraphic stroke
  eliminated nationalist & political associations so it could diffuse & unify
  neutral, machine, efficient
  sans serif fits in w photomontage seamlessly, no clashing
  got rid of uppercase- simplified
  rational, legible, clarity
  • designers, printmakers, etc. had to register under hitler's rule
herbert bayer
student at bauhaus
becomes head of design, focusing on typography
catalog design- herbert bayer
1923
sans serif typography
bayer asked to design a bank/currency note
poster for kandinsky's celebration- bayer
flyer- bayer
asymmetry
bayer's new typeface
black letter type/ gothic script
used in europe for centuries
became rife w associations
nazis banned it (thought it to be jewish invention)
post-WWII: it was associated w nazi regime
orthogonal
new typeface
clean
simple use of color
catalog page created by bauhaus designers for things they created
bauhaus brochure w new typeface & photomontage
laszlo moholy-nagy
photo by his daughter
cover by laszlo moholy-nagy
  • 1923: first time laszlo moholy-nagy said the phrase"the new typography" (general term used to indicate the modern progressive movement in typography that arose in the 1920s)
jan tschichold
came to bauhaus exhibition in 1923
new typography influenced him
typographic news cover- tschichold
different weights in words
no capital letters
dynamism
nothing elitist, everything is clear
tschichold
balanced but asymmetric
bold rules
positive use of negative space
the new typography (book)- tschichold
subtitle: handbook for the contemporary designer
codifies principles- almost a manifesto for new type
1928
cemented his position as a spokesperson for the new typography
standardized paper sizes
interior spread- tschichold
telling people to use less symmetry, how layout should be
movie poster- tschichold
photomontage
sans serif type
asymmetry
dynamism, (controlled) energy
commercial work/movie posters- tschichold
poster for constructivist show- tschichold
ideas from constructivism
victory poster- tschichold
  • tschichold arrested by nazis bc they thought he was a "russian bolshevik" bc he had russian constructivism posters; his work was seized
-held for 6 weeks but then released so he & his family fled to switzerland & he became a book designer
  • started to turn away from new typography bc the principles he helped established were too rigid & extreme; called it fascist, like the nazis
tshichold in switzerland w terrible experience
& writes another book called typographic design
allows himself cursive
worked on more book covers for penguin books