nevertheless, she persisted.: the bauhaus pt. 1 & 2: from weimar to dessau to berlin

AP art history google drive link

PART 1

key terms:
walter gropius
staatliches bauhaus: weimar, dessau
oskar schlemmer
johannes ittenn: vorkurs or introductory course
wassily kandinsky

paul klee
marcel breuer
josef albers
marianne brandt
wilhelm wagenfeld
gunte stotzel
laszlo moholy-nagy
hannes meyer
mies van der rohe

characteristics:

-started 1919 until 1933
-anxious thrill of industrialization for something other than war

-need for standardization

-futurists' call for change

-de stijl's call back to order

-merge the arts & industry

-create goods for modern society

-dynamic institution: keeps changing according to the times
-key catalyst for new typography
-simplified forms
-rationality & functionality
-idea that mass production was reconcilable with the individual artistic spirit
-form follows function
-unify art, craft, and technology

"bau" = building

bauhaus logo- schlemmer

walter gropius founded bauhaus in 1919

weimer, germany (where bauhaus was founded)

manifesto penned by gropius

bauhaus was a state funded school
(would be affected by wartime in Germany)

bauhaus educational plan- pedagogical circle
start from outside & go in when you start specializing more
rigorous curriculum for design

gropius created a quota for women
they initially were ushered to textiles, pottery, etc.

johannes ittenn

johannes & color contrast

kandinsky

marcel breuer

breuer created this chair for kandinsky
industrial, tubular steel

woman wearing mask by oskar schlemmer in a chair by breuer
experimental exploration

theo van doesburg comes to teach at bauhaus

van doesburg's book
basic concept for new formative arts

josef albers
future of mass produced, standardized types as answer for growing middle class
basic geometric shapes
unadorned

wilhelm wagenfeld
industrial pressed glass
simple shapes
unadorned- the tea will provide decoration

marrianne brandt
reductive shapes

adjustable ceiling lamp- brandt

ashtray- marianne brandt

textiles
de stijl language

textile- anni albers (albers' wife)

1923: johannes was dismissed by gropius bc he couldn't answer to government regarding ittenn

-became increasingly conservative

laszlo moholy-nagy (hungarian)
experimenter
took over introductory course that johannes taught
russian constructivist background
coined the phrase "the new vision" for photography

cover by laszlo moholy-nagy

photogram- laszlo

the radio tower in berlin- laszlo
experimenting w bird's eye view

laszlo

tension was rising btwn bauhaus & more conservative government

-had to mount exhibition to show what they were doing

exhibition poster

exhibition poster
includes the face on the logo

experimental kitchen prototype at exhibition

cover for exhibition- hebert bayer
sans serif typography

government added more sanctions to the school, less funding

-end of 1924: gropius & others resigned bc they couldn't stand less funding

bauhaus accepted invitation from dessau to move there & teach

dessau bauhaus
aesthetic building represented what they were teaching

quickly built new, modern school by using mass-produced parts

built a dorm so students could live on campus

schlemmer's nighttime performances

hannes meyer comes to replace gropius
gets rid of any "costly artiness"
strong socialist beliefs clashed w local authorities
he moved on

another chapter when gropius resigns & meyer comes

last leader of bauhaus: mies van der rohe

1931: dessau government full of nazis

-cancelled bauhaus contracts

mies takes teachers & go to berlin to try to keep bauhaus going

-nazis forcibly close bauhaus in 1933

bauhaus berlin location

_________________________________________________

PART 2

key terms:

herbert bayer: universal typeface: 1923-25
jan tschichold: die neue typographie (the new typography), 1928;
typographische gestaltung (typographic design), 1933

blackletter

bauhaus typography:
-influences of russian constructivism, de stijl, etc.
-industrial aesthetic
-orthogonal structure, right angles
-asymmetrical
-use of positive & negative spaces
-controlled order
-universal type
sans serif = best to express spirit of the machine
gets rid of human trace/calligraphic stroke
eliminated nationalist & political associations so it could diffuse & unify
neutral, machine, efficient
sans serif fits in w photomontage seamlessly, no clashing
got rid of uppercase- simplified
rational, legible, clarity

designers, printmakers, etc. had to register under hitler's rule

herbert bayer
student at bauhaus
becomes head of design, focusing on typography

catalog design- herbert bayer
1923
sans serif typography

bayer asked to design a bank/currency note

poster for kandinsky's celebration- bayer

flyer- bayer
asymmetry

bayer's new typeface

black letter type/ gothic script
used in europe for centuries
became rife w associations
nazis banned it (thought it to be jewish invention)
post-WWII: it was associated w nazi regime

orthogonal
new typeface
clean
simple use of color

catalog page created by bauhaus designers for things they created

bauhaus brochure w new typeface & photomontage

laszlo moholy-nagy
photo by his daughter

cover by laszlo moholy-nagy

1923: first time laszlo moholy-nagy said the phrase"the new typography" (general term used to indicate the modern progressive movement in typography that arose in the 1920s)

jan tschichold
came to bauhaus exhibition in 1923
new typography influenced him

typographic news cover- tschichold
different weights in words
no capital letters
dynamism
nothing elitist, everything is clear

tschichold
balanced but asymmetric
bold rules
positive use of negative space

the new typography (book)- tschichold
subtitle: handbook for the contemporary designer
codifies principles- almost a manifesto for new type
1928
cemented his position as a spokesperson for the new typography
standardized paper sizes