i was asked to draw ^^him for his birthday. it was hard but i tried & it's not too bad i guess.

Apr. 10- Apr. 16 | Week Vlog.

wolf crop top (pacsun)

light wash 'denim' joggers (hollister)

faux septum piercing (hot topic)

HIST 1302 exam #3 | review

Great Depression Under Hoover:

• reasons for Great Depression: 

1. banking practices- banks loan out $, high risk/high yield practices/ventures, could lose $ 
2. consumer debt- easy credit --> can't pay for product --> repossessed --> overproduction
3. deflation-gov. only prints as much money as it has gold but population increased, gold didn't. no one investing or buying = no circulation of money 
4. workers' pay- wages were lowered during WWI but didn't get raised back up after. workers couldn't afford to buy the products that they were making --> overproduction 
5. stock market- more people put $ in stocks, prices increase bc value increases. people buy stock on margin (put some $ down & come up w the money in a couple days). margin calls (make people pay right up instead of giving them a few days) --> don't have = bankrupt. stock prices go down, stock market crashes (Oct. 29, 1929)
6. agricultural depression- during WWI: farmers had little competition & high prices. to help starving Euro.: gov. told farmers to make more food so they took out loans. after war: prices went down, more competition, still have to pay off loans --> foreclosures --> bankruptcy 
7. concentration of wealth- rich have a lot of money but isn't spending bc Depression, so money isn't circulating, just staying in the top/richest

• Hoover/conservative response to Depression: doesn't intervene bc:

1. helping would destroy people's work ethic & they wouldn't go back to work if given $
2. want to keep taxes low on wealthy bc wealthy will use their wealth to make jobs (but they don't bc they're keeping their money bc deflation)
3. have to maintain a balanced budget, can't spend $ that we don't have
4. depression is 'a crisis of confidence', people just think the economy is bad
5. want private charities to help people out but different charities discriminate against religion & impose morality tests, discriminate on race/ethnicity, & the demand for help is greater than the supply of help

• conditions for poor Americans: 

-bank panic: people pull money out of banks --> banks close

-apple sellers: middle class people buy apples to sell bc they think it's their fault that they don't have jobs/money. too many apple sellers --> no one buys

-breadline & soup kitchens: food is too expensive so middle class men would leave their houses to go to breadlines so that children & women could eat the food at home

-Lloyd Commission provides targeted assistance (they don't give money, they give them food/clothes/jobs/etc.)

-Farmers' Holiday Association- prices are so low so no one is making money --> boycott, farmers use tractors to block off roads, take milk to give to the poor for free since it's price is so low

-Penny auctions: farm foreclosures --> sell farm equipment, bid pennies instead of real $ to stop foreclosures

-unemployment, jobless workers (no one is hiring/no jobs available)

-evictions & foreclosures--> homeless camps (Hoovervilles) 

-1932-1933: people realize it's not their fault 

• conditions for veterans:

Bonus Marchers: veterans were promised a bonus (after 25 yrs wait) but the depression hits & they want it now to survive. go to D.C. to pressure Congress to give their bonuses --> built camps to wait --> Senate says no to the bonuses --> Douglas MacArthur sent to destroy camps --> use of tear gas & fire even though it was a peaceful protest 

Great Depression, Roosevelt, & New Deal:

• New Deal programs: (1st or 2nd New Deal?)

-relief: SHORT TERM
Emergency Banking Act: 1933 (1st New Deal) bank panics/banks closing --> creation of a bank holiday to examine books & decide which banks are solvent (good) & which are insolvent (debt, bad practices, etc.) --> solvent banks reopen, done to get people's trust in banks back
Civil Works Administration: 1933-34 (1st New Deal) put $ into already existing programs to get them up & running again (infrastructure projects that were stopped bc depression). mostly for men
Civilian Conservation Corps: 1933-1942 (1st New Deal) young men living in cities & unemployed --> sent to country side to do reforestation/ national parks. helps "white" (Mexican & Amer.) men
National Youth Administration: 1935-1942 (2nd New Deal) created good paying part time jobs (secretarial work, machinery, auto-mechanics) to keep people in high school & college. helped women, blacks, everyone
ALL NEW DEAL JOBS PAY LOWER WAGES THAN PRIVATE SECTOR JOBS (to encourage people to go back to private sector jobs so new deal jobs can help others)

-recovery: LONG TERM
Public Works Administration: 1935-1943 (2nd New Deal) large infrastructure projects. mostly lower class men (including black). didn't hire women
Works Progress Administration: 1935-1943 (2nd New Deal) hires lower & middle class, unemployed, & women. hires historians, writers (write about places to encourage tourism), musicians (preform free concerts/plays), etc. to bring to places where people haven't experienced it before
Tennessee Valley Authority: 1933-1944 (1st New Deal) build 9 dams along Tennessee river system to create jobs, electricity (hydro electric), flood control, fertilizer. REGIONAL project. hired blacks too

-reform: STRUCTURAL/ECONOMIC SYSTEM CHANGES (to avoid another Depression)
Banking Reform (bank holiday): Glass-Steagall Act 1933 (1st New Deal)

1. requires ALL banks to be part of Federal reserve system (so they can be regulated)
2. separate commercial (low risk banking) from investment (corporations/high risk-high yield) banking to protect commercial/us
3. take U.S. off gold standard (to address deflation since there isn't more gold)
4. creates Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation. fed. gov. insure deposits. protects middle class

National Industrial Act: 1933 (1st New Deal) turns into National Recovery Administration. deals w factories & businesses (overproduction)
BUSINESSES: gov. sets

1. prices (to deal w deflation)
2. selling quota (limiting production)
3. codes (to how to make things so they're all the same quality, eliminates competition to protect profits)

EMPLOYEES:

1. 40 hr work week (hire more people to work less hrs)
2. minimum wage (addresses poverty)
3. section 7A of NRA allows for collective bargaining (unions)

National Labor Relations Act (Wagner Act): 1935 (2nd New Deal) legalizes unions

Agriculture Adjustment Act: 1933 (1st New Deal) farms foreclosed -->  

1. create parity prices (floor for prices- if price gets to floor price, gov. buys the food to give to poor/unemployed)
2. overproduction- pay farmers not to grow on some acres of land --> some sharecroppers kicked out --> ends sharecropping. agribusiness bc people buying land to get paid more for not growing on it 

Rural Electrification Administration: 1936 (2nd New Deal) bring electricity to farmers/rural areas. water, landlines, internet, etc.

Social Security Act: 1935 (2nd New Deal) for elderly, bc U.S. had no programs for them (in poverty but had to work until they died) social security SYSTEM designed to address their unemployment. financed by regressive tax (taxes first $200 of income). 

4 categories excluded: 

1. domestic servants (chefs, maids, butlers, etc. bc South didn't want them to retire/stop working)
2. Roman Catholic Clergy (people don't like Catholics)
3. married women who didn't work
4. farmers & farm workers (Mexicans)

• African Americans in the 1930s: 

Scottsboro "boys" trial: (Alabama) Ruby Bates & Victoria Price accused 9 young black men of raping them. no evidence, all white jury --> declared guilty --> appeal for new trial --> better lawyers found the women were prostitutes who specialized in sex w black men & Bates admitted nothing happened, Price still says she was raped --> 5 men still young guilty 

demand for federal anti-lynching law but Roosevelt said no bc didn't want white South to turn on him (Africans still liked Roosevelt bc New Deal gave African Amer. many benefits so voted Democrat)

"black cabinet": blacks who work for the gov. & tell Roosevelt what blacks want

Mary McLeod Bethune: was in National Youth Administration, created her own school

Daughters of the American Revolution: can trace ancestors back to before Revolutionary war. elite white upper class women. invited opera singer Marian Anderson to preform (didn't know she was black), un-invites her --> Eleanor Roosevelt (in DAR) finds out & gives Anderson a free concert for black & white audience 

Foreign policy & early WWII events:

• American neutrality: Gerald Nye (head of Nye Commission) called people who convinced the U.S. to go to war (WWI) "merchants of death" (thinks wealthy banks/corporations loaned money to British & French & wanted to go to war to make sure they get repaid). affects U.S. foreign policy --> neutrality so that we don't go to war
• Good neighbor policy: U.S. will not invade countries in Western Hemisphere (try to have good relations to try to resume trade w them to help w economy)
• events from 1933-1941 in Europe: 

Tydings- McDuffie Act: 10 yr plan to let Filipinos be independent (to cut down costs)

Adolph Hitler & German Fascism (believe in centralized authority/dictator, against democracy, put nation ahead of individuals, control over everything, suppression of opposition w terror, aggressive nationalism & racism)

1. stopped war reparations (in treaty of Versailles)
2. rearmed Germany (built up army w ^ $)
3. reoccupied Ruhr valley (w ^ army)

Anschluss: German annexation of Austria (1938)

German annexation of Sudetenland (1938): (they speak German there). British & French allow them to annex it bc Germany said they'll stop after

German annexation of Czechoslovakia (1938) British & French realize they have to go to war (thinking that Soviets would help)

Nazi-Soviet non-aggression pact (Aug. 1939)

Invasion of Poland (Sept. 1, 1939): fake border incident created by Germany. British & French start mobilizing

Phony War (Oct. 1939- May 1940) British & French still hoped they wouldn't have to go to war

Cash & Carry program (1939-1940): a step away neutrality, U.S. can sell materials to British & French but they have to pay cash (no loans) & have to carry it home themselves 

German Blitzkrieg Spring Offensive (1940): phony war ends, French conquered by Germans

Military Draft Act (1940): 1st peacetime draft. 1 million men drafted, military budget increases

Battle of Britain (1940-41): Germans bomb British to destroy their morale so they can invade

Lend-Lease program (1941-45): prez. can "lend" war materials to allied nations. Roosevelt uses fireside chat to get people/Congress to agree

German invasion of Soviet Union (1941) 

Atlantic Naval battles: shoot at any German ships

• events from 1931-1941 in Asia: 

Japan invades Manchuria (of China)

Fake border incident--> (1937) invaded China

Rape of Nanking (1937): Japanese air raid, systematic rape of women, force men to dig their own graves

U.S. partial embargo on Japan: stop trading petroleum & scrap metal (looks as if U.S. isn't neutral)

Japan attacks European colonies in Asia bc German attacked Europe already 

U.S. total embargo & freezes Japanese $ in banks

Japanese air attack on Pearl Harbor (Dec. 7, 1941): destroy Amer. pacific fleets, west coast= vulnerable 

U.S. declaration of war against Japan (Dec. 8, 1941)

AXIS: 

Germany

Japan

Italy

Soviet Union (non-aggression pact)

ALLIES: 

British

French (they were conquered by Germany)

Soviet Union (Germany invaded them)

China (Japan invaded them)

World War II (1941-1945):

• home front economic conditions:

gov. built housing for war workers

civilian industries forced to retool for war production

wartime patriotism

urged to buy war bonds, guard against revealing military secrets, grown 'victory gardens' to allow food to be sent to the army

rationing of scarce consumer items (coffee, meat, gas)

women at work

gov. marketed billions of dollars' worth of war bonds, increased taxes, practice of withholding income tax directly from paychecks

class taxation --> mass taxation

housing shortages bc many go north for factory jobs 

nothing to buy (bc military economy) = save $

created new industrial centers

federal spending went to largest corporations (that created war materials instead)

in south, shift from agricultural --> industrial employment

unions were recognized

no strikes pledge

government economic programs created

• government economic programs:

1. War Production Board: rank product importance (products needed for war > civilian products), allocate materials, cost plus contracts (guarantee to pay for cost of item production & profit), creates new industries (synthetic rubber), consolidation
2. National War Labor Board: raise wages, allow organization of labor unions. limitations: no strike pledge (during war), safety standards go down bc doing what's needed to win war
3. Office of Price Administration: designed to prevent inflation- set prices, ration consumer products, prioritizing products

• economic changes the war brought:

government spending increased

unemployment went down

changed U.S. from civilian economy to a military economy/production

• economic changes for blacks, Latinos, women:

black migrants got on "liberty trains" & sought jobs in industrial heartland

angry white residents forced authorities to evict black tenants

race riot in Detroit (mentioned later on)

'hate strike': workers protested upgrading of black employees in plant manufacturing aircraft engines

war: segregated units

tried to use G.I. Bill- local authorities who administered its provisions allowed southern black veterans to use education benefits only at segregated colleges, limited job training to unskilled work & low-wage service jobs

Executive order 8802 (mentioned later on)

Bracero program (mentioned later on)

new Chicano culture (fusion of Mexican heritage & American experience)

rise in inter-ethnic marriages 

"zoot suit" riots (mentioned later on)

Caucasian Race- Equal Privileges Resolution

women at work

struggle against Nazi tyranny & theory of a 'master race' discredited ethnic & racial inequality

racism & nativism stripped of intellectual respectability (outside of the South), viewed as psychological disorders

Hollywood portrayed fighting units w members of different backgrounds & race putting aside differences for common cause

by end of war, new immigrant groups accepted as loyal ethnic Americans

• anti-Japanese propaganda & government actions about Japanese-Americans:

Japan attacked us = main enemy

Issei (immigrants, can't be naturalized), Nissei (their children, native born)

Executive order 9066: round up Japanese- Amer. & put in internment camps

men come first & forced to build camps then women & children come. communal living

Korematsu v. U.S. (1944) Supreme Courts side w executive order 9066 bc Japanese "posed clear & present danger"

est. loyalty oath program, expecting Japanese-Amer. to swear allegiance 

442nd infantry: Japanese-Amer., volunteers, most heavily decorated in WWII

• major turning point military events:

War in Pacific (1942-1945): (Asian theater) British + Amer. vs. Japanese. goals:

1. stop Japanese expansion
2. secure West coast of U.S.
3. keep Hawaii from being invaded (it's a naval base)
4. protect Australia & New Zealand from invasion (staging ground for army)
5. achieve equality btwn Japanese & Amer. navy (destroy Japanese ships, military equipment)

Battles of Coral sea (May 1942) & Midway (June 1942): naval & air battle, outcomes: achieved ^

pushed back Japanese

North Africa Campaign: British + Amer. vs. Germany. goals/outcomes:

1. ensure access to Mediterranean sea (to supply Soviets bc allies now) 
2. trade w Soviets^
3. oil (so that Germany can't gain access)
4. will British & Amer. armies fight well together? (yes)
5. invasion of Italy if control North Africa
6. General Dwight Eisenhower: really good general

War in Europe (1942-1945): Germany vs. Soviets:

Battle of Stalingrad (Aug. 1942-Feb. 1943)- Hitler wanted to capture Stalingrad, siege (Germans surrounded Soviets & let them die of starvation/cold/disease). Soviets bring supplies behind Germans & Soviets in siege revolt --> siege broken --> German retreat 

Operation Overlord- objectives:

1. create separate fronts in Europe
2. liberate countries that Germany conquered
3. stop Soviet expansion

D-day invasion: (June 6, 1944): new technology created, use of espionage (created 'phantom army' to attack elsewhere = redirection). American, British and Canadian forces landed on five beaches along a 50-mile stretch of the heavily fortified coast of France’s Normandy region, liberated France

V-E day: (victory in Europe) May 8, 1945- Germany surrendered bc operation overlord

war isn't over- still fighting Japan!!!!!

• how did the war end?

Allies closing in on Okinawa island (but Japanese civilians kill themselves). important bc preview of how fighting Japan will be like 

new technology: Atomic bomb --> tell Japan to "unconditionally surrender" (allies can do whatever they want to do with Japan) but Japan refuses unless they can keep their emperor (allies say no) --> Hiroshima atomic bombing (Aug. 6, 1945), Nagasaki atomic blast (Aug. 9, 1945) --> V-J day (Aug. 14, 1945) victory in Japan

1950s social conditions: decade of the “baby boom”

• white families & children:

suburbs/Levittowns- away from the city. perfect to raise children, life revolved around the children

married younger, divorced less frequently, had more children

family life was physically separated from work, relatives, & social organizations 

women:
worked part-time to help support family's middle-class lifestyle, not to help pull it out of poverty or pursue personal fulfillment or independent career
remained at home, marriage is their 'most important goal'
girls: taught to want a life like their mothers', ideas of being housewives, getting married
boys: work hard for money, follow fathers' footsteps
Ozzie & Harriet image: "American Family" = happy & behave as they're supposed to
Rules for living:

1. obey authority- don't ask questions
2. control your emotions
3. fit in with the group- conform, don't stand out
4. don't even think about having sex

• black families & children:

didn't really live in suburbs, moved from South to North

racial barriers in housing, public education, & jobs

segregation in schools: separate but NOT equal. mission was for black kids to get a good education to better themselves & their society

Little Rock: 1957, soldiers of 101st airborne division escorted nine black children into the school

Brown v. Board of Education (1954): 5 cases of unequal funding of schools combined. segregation was unequal bc it stigmatized one group as unfit to associate w others. ruled segregation in public education violated equal protection of laws guaranteed by 14th amendment. in the field of edu., "separate but equal" has no place

• red scare & communist menace:

some of those who warned of a growing “red menace” during the 1930s feared Soviet influence

church affiliations bc communism is "godless"

"Judeo-Christian" heritage (Catholics, Jews, Protestants shared same history & values)

HUAC- went after Hollywood, scientists, professors/teachers, etc. & if they wouldn't talk/admit, they were blacklisted

• rebels against society:

-panic of "juvenile delinquency": adults alarmed at teenage culture that rejected middle-class norms

-rock-and-roll music: kids use to distance themselves from parents, weird/new/different. act of rebellion. sexually provocative movements of black musicians & dancers--> Elvis Presley (white)

-The Beats: small group of poets & writers railed against mainstream culture. rejecting work ethic, materialism of suburban middle class, militarization of American life by the Cold War. celebrated impulsive action, immediate pleasure, drugs, sexual experimentation

Red Scare in U.S.:

• how red scare emerged: 

after war, U.S. was the only place w cities intact, civilians alive, factories still producing. people were scared that the Depression would come back. Soviets & the U.S. were strongest. the U.S. was strong so believed that only way U.S. could be weakened would be internally --> Federal Bureau of Investigation & J. Edgar Hoover: search for those who could be communist spies

House Un-American Activities Committee (HUAC): investigated for communism

• what politicians did to foster the red scare:

Republicans tried to use Red Scare to move people away from the Democrats 

most used anti-communist language to discredit labor and social activism and New Deal policies

anti-Communists were sometimes aided by liberals and leftists whose primary fear was fascist subversion

• how did american society react to it:

America is right, communism is evil/immoral/wrong

Duck & cover: drills/tests in case of atomic war (schools taught children what to do)
many middle class families built fallout shelters in hopes of surviving an atomic bomb

literature about survival tactics was widely distributed

• Hiss-Chambers:

Alger Hiss (worked for state department under Roosevelt then became an editor): accused of being a communist spy by Whitaker Chambers (former communist spy but 'converted') who said Hiss gave him secret gov. documents to pass to agents of Soviet Union. HUAC brings Hiss in & he denies being a spy. Republicans arrest him for perjury bc he lied about being communist under oath

Cold War 1945- 1953:

• how did it develop? 

after the war, the strongest countries were the Soviet Union & U.S.

United States began a strategy of global containment to challenge Soviet power

extended military & financial aid to the countries of Western Europe 

created the NATO alliance

• what ideas underlay it?

freedom vs. totalitarianism 

• what major events took place in this phase?

the Fair Deal

Taft-Hartley act 1947 (mentioned later on)

desegregation of armed forces

formation of States' Rights Democratic Party (Dixiecrats) & Progressive Party (Wallace)

Truman's election win in 1948

loyalty review system

HUAC's hearings about communist influence in Hollywood

the Spy Trials- Hiss & Chambers, Julius & Ethel Rosenburg (convicted of conspiracy to pass atomic bomb secrets to Soviets)

McCarthyism

Dennis v. U.S. (mentioned later)

_______________________________________________________________________

Chapter 21: 

• Dust Bowl: period of unusually dry weather/drought + mechanized agriculture pulverizing topsoil & killing grass --> erosion, wind blowing soil away/ "Dust" bowl
• John Steinback's The Grape of Wrath: novel, capturing plight of a dispossessed family going from Oklahoma to California
• Federal Housing Administration: insured millions of long-term mortgages issued by private banks, home ownership came within reach
• 21st amendment: repealed Prohibition
• Security & Exchange Commission: regulated stock & bond markets
• John L. Lewis: head of United Mine Workers, led walkout that produced a new labor organization- CIO
• Congress of Industrial Organizations: set out to create unions in the main bastions of the American economy, aimed to secure economic freedom & industrial democracy for Amer. workers- a share in the wealth produced by their labor & a voice about working conditions
• United Auto Workers: fledgling CIO union, Dec. 1936: sit-down (stopped production but stayed inside)
• sit-down strike at General Motors: sit-downs spread to GM, workers fought off police who tried to storm in. strikers cleaned the plant, oiled machinery, prepared meals, etc. Feb. 11: Gm agreed to negotiate w UAW
• Huey Long: embodied Louisiana's Populist & Socialist traditions, won election as governor (1928) & was in U.S. senate (1930). built roads, schools, hospitals & increased tax on oil companies. launched "Share Our Wealth" movement, called for confiscation of most of the wealth of the richest Americans to finance grant/job/annual income for all citizens. was going to run for president but was assassinated
• Aimee Semple McPherson: Los Angeles revivalist, broadcasted sermons on radio station, sermons used elaborate sets, costumes, etc.
• Father Charles Coughlin: "radio priest", attracted listeners w weekly broadcasts attacking Wall Street bankers & greedy capitalists. criticized FDR bc failure of New Deal to promote social justice. Antisemitism & support for European fascism
• Rural Electrification Agency: bring electric power to homes that lacked it (farms) to enable more Americans to buy household appliances (one of New Deal's most successful programs)
• Wagner act: brought democracy into workplace by empowering National Labor Relations Board to supervise elections in which employees voted on union representation. outlawed unfair labor practices/firing/blacklisting union organizers
• Alfred Landon: Kansas governor, chosen by Republicans as Roosevelt's opponent. former Theodore Roosevelt Progressive. denounced Social Security as threat to individual liberty
• Indian Reorganization Act of 1934: ended policy of dividing Indian lands into small plots for individual families & selling off the rest 
• Grand Coulee Dam: built on Columbia River, flooded where Indians hunted/fished but irrigation water was not made available to reservations
• Popular Front: period during mid-1930s when Communist Party tried to ally itself w socialists & New Dealers in movements for social change, urging reform of capitalist system rather than revolution. Communists gained respectability

Chapter 22:

• Four Freedoms: popular paintings during WWII by Norman Rockwell, essential human freedoms: freedom of speech, freedom of worship, freedom from want, & freedom from fear
• Road to War:

-China: Japan invaded Manchuria (province of norther China) then went further. massacred many Chinese prisoners of war & civilians in Nanjing/Nanking

-Benito Mussolini: Italian leader, founder of fascism, invaded & conquered Ethiopia

-Francisco Franco & Spanish Civil War: led uprising (1936) against democratically elected government of Spain, established another fascist government in Euro.

-Appeasement: hoped agreeing to Hitler's demands would prevent war (adopted by Britain & France). Neville Chamberlain used to give Hitler the Sudetenland 

• Isolationism: 1930s version of Americans' desire to avoid foreign entanglements
• Neutrality Acts: banned travel on belligerents' ships & sale of arms to countries at war (to help U.S. avoid conflicts over freedom of the seas)
• Holocaust: "final solution"- mass extermination of 'undesirable' peoples (Slavs, gypsies, homosexuals, Jews), result of belief that Germans had a "master race" destined to rule world
• Wartime Manufacturing: war materials built in American factories, gov. sponsored (offered low interest loans, tax concessions, contracts w profits) 
• Office of War Information: 1942, created to mobilize public opinion. used radio, film, press, etc. to give meaning to conflict of WWII
• Women at Work: during war, women were mobilized to fill vacant industrial jobs (since men were fighting). women encouraged to go to work, glorified for being independent. forced unions to confront issues of equal pay for equal work, maternity leave, & childcare facilities

-Rosie the Riveter: female industrial laborer, shown as muscular & self-reliant in Rockwell's magazine cover

• National Resources Planning Board: 1942 & 1943 reports: offered blueprint for peacetime economy based on full employment, expanded welfare state, widely shared Amer. standard of living . called for "new bill of rights" including all Amer. in expanded Social security system, access to education, health care, housing, jobs, etc. plan for "full-employment economy"
• Economic Bill of Rights: (Roosevelt, 1944) expand power of original Bill of Rights to secure full employment, adequate income, medical care, education. Congress did not enact it
• Bracero Program: tens of thousands of contract laborers crossed into U.S. to take jobs as domestic & agricultural workers. designed as temporary response to wartime labor shortage
• Zoot Suit Riots: club-wielding sailors & police attacked Mexican-Amer. youths wearing flamboyant clothing on streets of L.A., illustrated limits of wartime tolerance
• Caucasian Race- Equal Privileges Resolution: since all the nations of the North & South American continents were united in struggle against Nazism, all persons of the Caucasian race were entitled to equal treatment in places of public accommodation (TX law had defined Mexicans as white so it applied to them). lacked enforcement mechanism 
• Navajo "code talkers": transmitted messages for U.S. in their complex native language so that Japanese could not decipher them (Indians)
• Detroit Race Riot: fight at Detroit city park turned into race riot (1943), 34 dead
• Executive Order 8802: (Roosevelt) banned discrimination in defense jobs & est. Fair Employment Practices Commission to monitor compliance 
• Double V campaign: phrase that symbolized black attitudes during the war. victory over Germany & Japan must be accompanied by victory over segregation at home
• Smith v. Allwright (1944): Supreme Court outlawed all-white primaries (one of the ways southern states deprived blacks of political rights)
• Pan Africa Congresses: attended by black intellectuals from U.S., Caribbean, Europe, & Africa. denounced colonial rule of Africa, sought to est. sense of unity among all people in African diaspora 
• Bretton Woods Agreement: replaced British pound with the dollar as main currency for international transactions. reestablished link btwn dollar & gold. created 2 Amer.-dominated financial institutions: World Bank & The International Monetary Fund. created framework for postwar capitalist economic system, based on a freer international flow of goods & investment & recognition of U.S. as world's financial leader

-World Bank: provide money to developing countries & help rebuild Euro.

-International Monetary Fund: work to prevent governments from devaluing currencies to gain advantage in international trade

Chapter 23: 

• Iron Curtain speech: Winston Churchill (Britain's former wartime prime minister) declared an iron curtain had descended across Euro., dividing the free west & communist east. Popularized idea of long-term struggle btwn U.S. & Soviets
• Berlin blockade & airlift: Soviets cut off road & rail traffic so Western planes supplied fuel & food to their zone of the city through airlift
• United Nations' universal declaration of human rights: principles so fundamental that no gov. has right to violate them
• Fair Deal: Truman's domestic task regarding transition from wartime to peacetime economy, focused on improving social safety net & raising standard of living. called on Congress to increase minimum wage, enact program of national health insurance, expand public housing, Social security, & aid to edu.
• Taft-Hartley Act: 1947, sought to reverse some gains made by organized labor in past decade. made it more difficult to bring unorganized workers into unions, contributed to decline of organized labor's share of nation's workforce
• Jackie Robinson: Brooklyn Dodgers, major league baseball. dignity in face of constant verbal abuse won him nationwide respect. Rookie of the year award. opened door to integration of baseball
• Dennis v. U.S. (1951): Supreme Court upheld jailing of communist party leaders even though charges concerned their beliefs, not their actions
• loyalty & conformity: anti-communist crusade promoted new definition: anything other than "uncritical & unquestioning acceptance of America as it is" = unpatriotic
• McCarran-Walter Act: 1952, passed over prez.'s veto. kept immigration quotas in place. authorized deportation of immigrants I.D.'d as communists (even if they were citizens)

The Cold War (1945-1950)

• George Kennan & containment: (American Diplomat) telegram laying foundation for policy or containment, where U.S. commits itself to prevent further expansion of Soviet power
• Truman Doctrine: est. guiding spirit of Amer. foreign policy, set a precedent for Amer. assistance to anti-communist regimes throughout the world
• Domino Theory: if one country in a region came under the influence of communism, then the surrounding countries would follow in a domino effect
• Marshall Plan: offered positive vision to go along w containment, European Recovery Program, American initiative to aid Western Europe, envisioned a New Deal for Europe
• North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO): North Atlantic Treaty Organization (U.S., Canada, ten western Euro. nations), pledging mutual defense against any future Soviet attack
• "losing" China: communists victorious in China- Republicans assailed for having 'lost' China
• NSC-68: (National Security Council Report 68) 1950 manifesto, described Cold war as epic struggle, helped spur dramatic increase in Amer. military spending. provided the blueprint for the militarization of the Cold War from 1950 to the collapse of the Soviet Union at the beginning of the 1990s

Apr. 3- Apr. 9 | Week Vlog.

burgundy beanie (forever 21)
hooded flannel (ross)
black tank top (forever 21)
pierce the veil "ptv" necklace (hot topic)
rolled up jeggings
maroon vans

All Time Low's "Missing You" Official Music Video is here!

if any of you guys know me, you'd know that i love love love all time low. their music is absolutely special & totally relatable, in my opinion. their song "Missing You" is definitely one of the more relatable songs that i've heard from their newest album (Future Hearts) so give it a listen: 

this music video made my heart happy. all time low is such a great band who loves their fans so much & just want to give their fans something more. in the music video, they talked to fans to thank them for their support & they got to hear how their music changed their fans' lives. if you don't listen to them, or have never heard of them, you should definitely check them out. some of their more popular songs (songs that you might have heard before but just didn't know who sang them) are: "Dear Maria, Count Me In", "A Love Like War" (ft. Vic Fuentes from Pierce the Veil), or "Damned If I Do Ya (Damned If I Don't)". definitely check out those songs too if you haven't yet! all time low's lyrics are so real & relatable to me, especially to this song. it's kind of about those lonely feelings that we all get, finding yourself, staying true to yourself, & knowing there's always someone there for you.

Lyrics:

"I heard that you've been

Self-medicating in the quiet of your room,

Your sweet, suburban tomb.

And if you need a friend,

I'll help you stitch up your wounds.

I heard that you've been

Having some trouble finding your place in the world.

I know how much that hurts,

But if you need a friend

Then please just say the word

You've come this far,

You're all cleaned up,

You've made a mess again,

There's no more trying,

Time to sort yourself out

Hold on tight,

This ride is a wild one,

Make no mistake,

The day will come when you can't cover up what you've done,

Now don't lose your fight, kid,

It only takes a little push to pull on through,

With so much left to do,

You'll be missing out, and we'll be missing you.

I heard that you've been

Having some trouble finding your place in the world.

I know how much that hurts,

And if you need a friend

Then please just say the word

You've come this far,

You're all cleaned up,

You've made a mess again,

There's no more trying,

Time to sort yourself out

Hold on tight,

This ride is a wild one,

Make no mistake,

The day will come when you can't cover up what you've done,

Now don't lose your fight, kid,

It only takes a little push to pull on through,

With so much left to do,

You'll be missing out, and we'll be missing you.

Grit your teeth, pull your hair,

Paint the walls black and scream, "Fuck the world

'Cause it's my life, I'm gonna take it back, "

And never for a second blame yourself.

Hold on tight,

This ride is a wild one,

Make no mistake,

The day will come when you can't cover up what you've done,

(No, you can't cover up)

(One, two, three, four!)

Hold on tight,

This ride is a wild one (This ride is a wild one),

Make no mistake,

The day will come when you can't cover up what you've done,

Now don't lose your fight, kid (Don't lose your fight, kid),

It only takes a little push to pull on through (push to pull on through),

With so much left to do

You'll be missing out, and we'll be missing you"

Mar. 27- Apr. 2

white pocket tee (forever 21)
geometric black & white shorts (thrifted)

ptv necklace (hot topic)

Mar. 20- Mar. 26

Time Lapse Drawing: Captain America

Mar. 13- Mar. 19 (Spring Break) | Week Vlog.

#IStandUp Against the Harm Caused By Objectification of Women in Advertising

Cry Baby | Melanie Martinez

the music video is finally here!

Mar. 6- Mar. 12 | Week Vlog.

HIST 1302 exam #2 | review

Darwinism: 1870-1920
idea of natural selection, adaptation, evolution from Charles Darwin
Herbert Spencer- "survival of the fittest"- applied ideas to human institutions

• beliefs in social Darwinism including laissez-faire capitalism:

William Graham Sumner believed traditions emerge bc that's how society organized it
concept of social evolution based on individual competition

corporations emerged bc better adapted to environment

laissez-faire capitalism= saw freedom as the right of individuals to pursue their economic interests w/o outside restraint, "hands off" gov.
eugenics movement: your genetics make you better
Madison Grant's "The Passing of the Great Race" some white people/groups are superior to others
Henry Ward Beecher: (protestant) believed more $ = more moral (old puritan idea)
^Beecher-Tilton scandal (affair)

• beliefs in reform Darwinism including the social Gospel movement:

humans better than animals bc have mind/soul
mind --> we can control our environment --> we can control what happens to us
change environment through education --> help immigrants improve themselves
recognized that the fittest could be those who cooperated with each other

settlement houses: teach kids middle class values
Jane Addams & Hull House: advocates for lower class, fundraising & donates $ for settlement houses

Washington Gladden: (protestant) --> social Gospel movement= originated effort to reform Protestant churches by expanding appeal & making them more attentive to era's social ills. applied Christian ethics to social problems, especially issues of social justice. christian duty to help others to improve society/environment
Charles Sheldon (minister in social gospel movement) book: "In His Steps"- idea: WWJD?

Progressivism: 1890-1920

• why develop? 

1. reform Darwinism & social gospel movement
2. panic of 1893: people realize others aren't poor bc they're lazy. no jobs, depression, etc.
3. muckrakers (usually socialists) & muckraking journalism: talking about problems in Amer. society- printed magazines, journals, etc. 

• who believed/benefited?

middle class people bc it gives them more power. wanted direct gov. action to solve problems. wanted gov. to regulate corporations, not own them (like socialists would want)

• political progressive reforms (changes to the political system itself):

voter registration laws: kept people from voting- disfranchises lower class/poor

poll tax: tax on right to vote, cumulative

literacy test: could make someone read a hard or easy part of the constitution depending on if the registrar likes them/ wants them to vote (targeted republicans bc that's what part the blacks supported)

grandfather clause: if your grandfather in 1860 can vote, you can too (so that democrats who couldn't read could still vote)

secret ballot: you have to be literate to vote bc don't get help. disfranchises lower class who don't know how to vote/mark ballots correctly

16th amendment: 1913, income tax (provides stable $ source, designed to tax upper class)

17th amendment: direct election of senators (the people pick)

• economic progressive reforms (changes to society, especially women):

Sherman anti-trust act 1890: prohibits business activities that federal government regulators think are anti-competitive, prevent the artificial raising of prices by restriction of trade or supply. used against unions

trust-busting: Theodore Roosevelt (progressive republican) becomes president, doesn't like how monopolies affect consumers --> break (bad) monopolies to create competition

Upton Sinclair: muckraker- socialist. writes "The Jungle" (1906) about meat packing industry --> gov. investigation --> meat inspection act 1906: gov. regulator make sure animals that are slaughtered are healthy 

pure food & drug act: ban manufacture, sale, & transportation of adulterated (adding non-food to product to make it "more"), misbranded (ex. selling cat meat as other meat), or harmful food/drugs/liquors 

Harrison act 1906:  ban sale of narcotics & opiates

federal reserve act 1913: Woodrow Wilson = president at the time. act created federal reserve system --> federal reserve banks -->

1. regulated currency/stabilized inflation & deflation
2. regulate banking system (stopped speculation ??)
3. oversee interest rates (lower/raise bc inflation/deflation)

child labor reform: children 15 & under working in textile, news, mining may be major source of income for some families. progressives think children need to be in school --> laws limiting work hours for children --> corporations file lawsuits --> supreme court says can't regulate children's hours bc it's a contract btwn corporation & child

women's labor: limit hours women work

Muller v. Oregon 1908: Oregon passes 10 hr limit, 6 days a week for women. Muller (laundry owner) files lawsuit --> Florence Kelly (of National consumers' union) & Louis Brandeis (Jewish progressive) write a defense of Oregon law --> judicial activism: set aside old precedent, things have changed --> sup. crt agrees w Oregon. --> limited hours for women

international ladies' garment workers' union: companies have to stop charging rent on sewing machines & increase pay

Rose Scheiderman: worked in garment industry. strike leader. reach out to middle class consumers so that strike is stronger --> strike wins bc well organized, play to the audience, middle class

clothing reform: changed from corsets, bustles, no ankles, restricting clothes --> clothes that make it easier to be mobile so women can play golf, tennis, ride bikes, etc.

Victoria Woodhull: 1st female stockbroker, "free love" has a newspaper: attacks sexual double standard

Margaret Sanger: saw it was a problem that women couldn't control how many babies they were having --> gave women diaphragms, taught sex ed/sent out basic reproductive info in mail (only to married women) --> men didn't like this --> arrested for "sending porn" 

her organization changes names to planned parenthood

settlement  houses= social progressivism

national american women suffrage association: want right to vote so that can reform society:

1. it's only fair
2. women pay taxes too
3. they're citizens
4. they follow laws like men do

^people don't agree bc women aren't in the military, juries, or in a "posse" & they don't need the right to vote bc  they have male relatives who "can vote for them"

1913, woman suffrage parade in Washington D.C.: women from all states in parade, are attacked & arrested

suffragists: moderate/lobbying

suffragettes: radicals, fight back

Imperialism: 1865-1917
territorial expansion

• anti-imperialism: 
1. racism: (south) non-whites shouldn't be in the states
2. expense of an empire: would cost a lot- democrats didn't want that
3. senator George Hoar: says it will create classicism/ some people "belonging to U.S." won't have rights 

• imperialism: "need it" bc:

1. markets for exports 
2. Alfred Thayer Mahan's "The Influence of Sea Power Upon History" (U.S. needs fueling stations- islands- for ships)
3. religion: protestant christian missionaries (Josiah Strong)
4. social Darwinism: Albert Beveridge 

William Mckinley = president 1896: won  & sees it as the people want to be an empire

insular cases 1901: people of annexed territory file court case saying they're americans. court rules that the"constitution doesn't follow the flag"- U.S. owns the territory but they're not citizens

• Spanish-American war: what happened? effects? 

Cuban struggle won u.s.'s support. 1898- yellow press blamed Spain for U.S.S. Maine. Spain rejected ceasefire--> Mckinley asked congress to declare war. purpose: to help Cuban patriots in struggle for "liberty & freedom" -->  U.S. also supported the ongoing struggle of Cuba, Puerto Rico and the Philippines for independence against Spanish rule --> conflict --> navy defeated Spanish fleet May 1--> another victory July --> Treaty of Paris

• Philippine-american war: what happened? effects?

Mckinley decided to retain possession of islands, Filipino movement turned against u.s. --> war --> reports of what american troops did tarnished nation's self-image --> McKinley administration said its aim was to "uplift & civilize & Christianize" them 

• panama canal: what happened? effects?

Colombia refused to cede land--> Roosevelt set in motion uprisings--> helped Panama become independent from Colombia--> get to create canal that links Atlantic & Pacific ocean--> William Crawford Gorgas understood mosquitoes & told them how to get rid of them so that people building canals wouldn't die --> reduced sea voyage

• mexico: what happened? effects?

under Mexican president Porfirio Diaz, Amer. companies controlled mining, rubber, & oil in Mexico. Mexicans have built up resentment --> Mexican Revolution 1911-1920 --> many Mexicans leave to U.S. --> General Victoriano Huerta resents Amer. --> passes law: foreign ships have to have permission before landing --> 1914 U.S.S. dolphin lands w/o permission --> arrested 

U.S. @ Vera Cruz: attacked 

Argentina, Brazil, & Cuba step in to prevent war btwn Amer. & Mexico

General Francisco "Pancho" Villa doesn't like Amer. bc they control Mexico so much --> attacked New Mexico & went back to Mexico --> U.S. asks president Venustiano Carranza to invade, he lets them --> General John "Black Jack" Pershing can't find Pancho Villa & shoots other Mexican civilians --> Carranza forces them out --> U.S. sends national guard to border to defend from Mexican attacks & shoots everyone bc don't know different btwn Mexicans & Mexican-Amer.

• China & Hawaii:

Hawaii lay astride shipping routes to market of China 

already had Chinese workers

Hawaii became traditional territory- became Amer. citizens & admitted as a state

First World War: 1914-1918

allies: France, Russia, great Britain
central powers: Germany, Austro-Hungarian empire, ottoman empire

• american foreign policy btwn 1914-1916 (before U.S. entry into war):

neutrality- not involved (though they favor the allies bc the french have been their ally since forever & the British share a similar language & culture)

neutral shipping rights: trade ties must precede war, can't trade "war materials" (but anything can be a war material)

• american military personnel during war: 

segregated- Americans thought whites needed more training so gave black troops to France

369th infantry: most heavily decorated for bravery, fought longer than whites, treated as equals by British & French

• conduct of war 1917-1918:

British stop Amer. ships from trading w Germany, can only trade w them

British are cutting communication so Americans don't know about ^

Germany creates U-boats (submarines) to attack British ships (element of surprise) but war rules: civilian ship has to be WARNED by war ship that they're going to attack --> unrestricted submarine warfare --> sinking of Lusitania (1915) --> Germany stops unrestricted warfare to please America

• conditions at home during war:

preparedness campaign:

1. build up army & navy supplies
2. need officers (who have college degrees)--> PT on college campuses 
3. patriotic education (talks good about U.S.) to convince immigrants to fight for U.S.

no one wants war --> U.S. congress declares war on Apr. 4, 1917 bc:

1. Germans announce they're going back to unrestricted sub. warfare 
2. Zimmerman telegram: Germany sends message to Mexico saying they'll help take back the lost territory if they invade America
3. Russian Czar Nicholas II is thrown out--> Parliamentary government
4. Germany sinks 5 Amer. ships in 1 week

selective service act: 18-35, 1/3 of men = unfit to fight bc:

1. punctured eardrum/flat feet/etc.
2. too thin/undernourished --> diseases & high STD rate
3. IQ tests to determine jobs

espionage act 1917: prevents from criticizing gov., military, etc. in print

sedition act 1917: no false or scandalous talk about gov., restricts freedom of speech

Schenk v. U.S. 1919 --> civil rights can be denied/ abridged if it poses "clear & present danger"

100% Americanism, Super patriotism: unquestioning blind loyalty to gov. --> attacks on socialists (who don't support war), Quakers (who don't fight) & German-Americans

Robert Prager- spoke English w German accent = "spy"--> attacked & hanged --> "not guilty" bc "patriotic murder"

• conditions for american soldiers:

military training camps: white zones of "purity" = keep out bad influences --> leads to high syphilis & gonorrhea rates--> changes men's sexual standards & marriage views

Lloyd Stanley: in NY where many soldiers & sailors are for Camp Mills

"mass production" of soldiers = industrialism 

Stull Holt: Verdun attack, roads packed w traffic, guns, etc., use of gas & shells 

Albert Smith: gas & machine guns, no bath, battle in Argenne Forest. 3rd Tenn. Infantry: black regiment

1920s

• conditions when war ended: prohibition, woman suffrage, etc.:

18th amendment: prohibition- bans manufacture/sale/transport of brewed (beer), fermented (wine), & distilled (liquor) beverages. doesn't ban drinking it

^ why?

1. wasting food by turning into alcohol
2. beer comes from Germany
3. if [not drinking] is good enough for the soldiers, it's good enough for civilians

Volstead act: can't drink alcohol= amount consumed goes down 50% bc drinking changed:

before- drinking was part of an event, after- drinking WAS the event. people went out to get drunk --> public intoxication increases

before- people drank deer & wine, after- drink hard liquor bc sellers can make more money 

Al Capone & organized crime: selling illegal alcohol

women's suffrage: they argued that they "went to war" bc they contributed since it was a total war

19th amendment: right to vote regardless of sex/gender

strikes in 1919: (bc during WW1, they worked for less bc patriotic duty but now they want better wages & bc inflation)

-Seattle general strike: dock workers + other unions walk off job--> shuts down whole city

-Boston police strike: police in poverty, no to pay rise --> strike --> Calvin Coolidge sends national guard to break up strike

wall street bombing 1919: Wallstreet = symbol of capitalism--> 36 mail bombs--> people think it's the Bolsheviks --> red scare

• development of the Red Scare & it's effects:

1917- Bolshevik revolution: Russians are promised that they'll end the war

Bolsheviks are communists (think that gov. should own all property), atheists (want to eliminate religion bc it creates a false divide btwn classes), & dictators 

fear that they're coming to Amer. --> paranoid about socialists, anarchists, & labor union supporters 

Palmer raids led by A. Mitchell Palmer (attorney general) & J. Edgar Hoover (FBI): arrested over 6000 people w/o warrant & no bail--> put on "Soviet ark" & sent to Russia. unconstitutional!!

immigrant reforms: immigrants are coming in again after war --> fears bc 100% Americanism --> Johnson- Reed act 1924: quota sys. for limiting total # of immigrants coming in & # from each country

visa system: to legally migrate

• black Americans in the 1920s + Harlem Renaissance:

blacks do well financially--> can support culture separate from white culture. glorification of black life/people. (mainly through literature & music)

Langston Hughes: poem- "My people" (black people are beautiful)

Claude McKay: "If we must die" (about lynchings, we should fight back). criticizing South by safety of the North

Cotton Club 1936: whites like the culture but scared of blacks/don't feel safe so blacks are "selling" their culture at this club for only whites (other than black entertainers/workers)

Edward "Duke" Ellington: jazz- same instruments, played differently, up-tempo, improv.

Bessie Smith: blues- slower, talk about negative parts of being black

Marcus Garvey: Universal Negro Improvement Association: should be economically independent from whites, black pride, black nationalism (support black businesses). owns black star line

• great migration for African Americans:

South --> North (Chicago & NY)

"The Migration of Negroes"-W.E.B. DuBois: NAACP's monthly journal "Crisis" said 

causes: economic-boll weevil & floods in Alabama & Mississippi. wide demand for common labor bc cut off immigration. outbreaks of mob violence

destruction of civil & political rights, lack of protection of life, liberty & property, low wages, Jim Crow, segregation, poor education, harsh & unfair treatment, lynching 

opportunity in north: industrial betterment

didn't care about how they were unprepared for the climate

"The Promised Land?": North = more political & social rights, jobs increased bc cut off immigration. higher wages, educational opportunities, political rights

"The Truth About the North"-The Chicago Commission on Race Relations-"The Arrival in Chicago":

North= scarcity of houses, increase in church membership = efforts to re-engage in community life. 

Urban league helped w adjustment to new conditions. Travelers aid Society & United Charities helped secure living quarters & jobs for them

newspapers: instructions on dress & conduct

farmers & plantation workers: learn new tasks

changes of status, disparity in educational standards

Thomas Family: search for house, no plumbing, electricity, gas, bath, etc. children ashamed of manners of parents.

Jones Family: took a big house & took in lodgers to aid in paying rent. moved N to escape undesirable practices & customs in South/Jim crow & segregation

"Building a New Life in the North"-Charles S. Johnson- "These 'Colored' United States":

effective in politics

• social changes in the 1920s (movies & tech):

consumerism: making people feel emotions to buy stuff (comes from WW1 propaganda). buy stuff = shows class/status

no $ = higher consumer debt bc installment plans (get the object, pay per week + interest. if don't pay in time = repossessed)

advertising: sex sells

AM radio: radio broadcasts, can be heard from further places, brings new way of thinking into small towns. sex themes: changes views of opposite sex, courting, etc.

movies: Clara Bow, the "It Girl" = sexy. Theda Bara in Cleopatra (vamp) = "man user".  Rudolph Valentino, "The Matador"

model T Ford: affordable, basic transportation --> "parking" for "petting & necking"

flappers: teens-20s w more leg showing, short hair, bras instead of corsets, make up

companionate marriage: marry someone who will be your best friend, lover, provider, etc. = more divorce bc too much pressure on a marriage

• backlash against changes (KKK):

Ku Klux Klan: resurgence in 1920s, claimed more members, nearly all white, native-born protestants w respected positions in communities. roots in parts of North & West. attacked broader array of targets- blacks & immigrants & all the forces endangering indiv. liberty

• religious changes in the 1920s (Fundamentalism & ministers):

sister Aimee Semple Mcpherson: Pentecostal (new religious system: speaking in tongues, faith healing, falling out, etc. millennialism) 

had a gospel car & KFSG radio station to reach out to followers 

built church Angelus Temple, uses aspects of Amer. culture/style to bring people in

has a food pantry & seminary to train women: outreaching to expand

fundamentalists: Lyman Stewart= scared that if people start saying some parts of the bible aren't literally true then people might start throwing all of it out. publishes 5 Fundamental Truths. basically says that the bible is literally true, all of that stuff happened, no errors

^ leads to anti-evolution movement: push to ban evolution from schools --> butler act: illegal to teach anything but creationism --> John Scopes taught it so could be arrested to get a case --> Scopes trials

__________________________________________________

Chapter 17:

• Hawaii annexation: already closely tied w u.s. through treaties, economy was dominated by Amer. owned sugar plantations. 1893- queen Liliuokalani of Hawaii was overthrown by Amer. planters. Harrison submitted treaty of annexation, Cleveland withdrew bc Hawaiians didn't agree w treaty. 1898- u.s. annexed
• Spanish-American war: (above)

-yellow press: new mass circulation newspapers promo'd nationalistic sentiments. dubbed "yellow press" after color that Hearst printed a comic strip. mixing sensational accounts of crime & political corruption w aggressive appeals to patriotic sentiments

-Guerrilla warfare: 10 yrs w Spain following Cuban revolt

-battleship Maine: explosion destroyed battleship U.S.S. Maine in havana harbor- nearly 270 died

-teller amendment: states that U.S. had no intention of annexing or dominating Cuba

-Theodore Roosevelt & rough riders: resigned post as assistant secretary of navy to raise volunteer cavalry unit

-battle of San Juan hill: most highly publicized land battle (in Cuba). rough riders charged up hill

-Platt amendment: authorized u.s. to intervene militarily whenever seen fit. Mckinley forced Cuba to add to new gov.

-Jose Marti: stirred up revolution in Cuba from exile in u.s.--> traveled to Cuba to be part of uprising --> killed in battle. "to change masters is not to be free"

• open door policy in china: demanded that European powers that divided China into commercial spheres of influence grant equal access to Amer. exports. referred to free movement of goods & money 

• boxer rebellion in china: 1900, Chinese nationalists killed thousands of Christian Chinese & besieged foreign embassies in Beijing. U.S. contributed solders to international force to help suppress rebellion

• Philippine war: (above)

-Emilio Aguinaldo: Philippines' leader, est. provisional gov. w constitution modeled on U.S.'s

-William Howard Taft: governor-general of the Philippines (1901)

• foraker act: 1900, declared Puerto Rico an "insular territory". citizens of Puerto Rico, not U.S.

Chapter 18:

• muckrakers: new generation of journalists writing for mass-circulation national magazines exposing the ills of industrial & urban life 

• Henry Ford & rise of fordism: developed techniques of production & marketing that brought automobiles in the reach of ordinary Americans. introduced model T. concentrated on standardizing output & lowering prices. Ford's factory adopted idea of moving assembly line--> reduced time it took to produce each car. emphasizes minimization of costs instead of maximization of profit

• consumerism: new advertising industries perfected ways of increasing sales. "school of freedom" bc shoppers made individ. choices on basic questions of living. personal fulfillment will be found through acquiring material goods

• Frederick Taylor & scientific management: program that sought to streamline production & boost profits by systematically controlling costs & work practices. through this, "one best way" of producing goods could be determined & implemented

• socialist party: called for immediate reforms of free college education, legislation to improve condition of laborers, democratic control over economy through public ownership of railroads & factories

• industrial workers of the world: IWW: unionists who rejected AFL's  (American Federation of Labor) exclusionary policies. advocate of worker's revolution that would seize means of production & abolish the state. solidarity. 

-William Haywood: leader, accused of instigating murder of former anti-union governor- found not guilty

-Lawrence strike: already a strike going on then in Lawrence, Massachusetts- group of women strikers sent strikers' children out of city for duration of the walkout. socialist families took them in --> wave of sympathy for strikers (bc children looked pale & half-starved) --> officials ordered no more kids could leave --> group of mothers & children defied, police drove them away w clubs --> governor intervened --> strike settled on workers' terms

-Paterson strike: Paterson, New Jersey- highly publicized uprising. black & white dockworkers prevented employers' efforts to eliminate their unions & reduce their wages. interracial solidarity

-Ludlow massacre: strikers demanded recognition of United Mine Workers of America, wage increases, 8 hr work day, etc. --> mine owners evicted strikers from company housing --> moved into tent colonies --> armed militia attacked & burned

• Emma Goldman: lectured about right to birth control, distributed pamphlets w info about contraceptives 

• Carlos Montezuma: founder of society of American Indians. est. newsletter: Wassaja- condemned federal paternalism toward Indians. demanded full citizenship for Indians

• Robert la Follette: most influential progressive administration at the state level. implemented Wisconsin idea: nominate candidates through primary elections rather than political bosses, tax corporate wealth, state reg. of railroads & public utilities 

• John Muir & nature: organized Sierra Club to preserve forests from uncontrolled logging by timber companies. love of nature stemmed from religious feelings 

• conservation movement: conservation became concerted federal policy. wildlife preserves & national parks were created. regulation of use of resources

-Richard Ballinger: secretary of interior, thought Roosevelt exceeded authority in placing land in forest reserves- decided to return some land to public

-Gifford Pinchot: accused Ballinger of colluding w business interests & repudiating environmental goals of Roosevelt administration

• federal trade commission: est. to investigate & prohibit "unfair" business activities. reflected expansion of federal role in economy during progressive era

Chapter 19:

• dollar diplomacy: what Taft's foreign policy became known as bc he emphasized economic investment & loans from Amer. banks rather than military intervention as best way to spread Amer. influence. 

• wartime state section: 

WW1 created national state w unprecedented powers & increased presence in American's lives

war--> bring new nationalist state that Roosevelt & progressives wanted

federal agencies regulated industry, transportation, labor relations & agriculture

war industries board presided over all elements of war production 

est. standardized specifications for everything = efficiency

railroad administration controlled nations transportation sys.

fuel agency rationed coal & oil

food administration instructed farmers on modern methods of cultivation

war labor board pushed for minimum wage, 8 hr workdays, right to form unions

during war: wages rose, working conditions improved, union membership doubled

• Alice Paul & national women's party: leader, pressed for right to vote w militant tactics. "how could the country fight for democracy abroad while denying it to women at home". followers chained themselves to white house fence. (suffragettes) 

• coercive patriotism: suspected of disloyalty to flag --> kiss it in public. made statements critical of flag --> imprisoned. patriotism = support for the government 

-american protective league: helped justice department identify radicals & critics of war by spying on neighbors & carrying out "slacker raids"- men stopped on streets to show draft registration cards 

• Madison Grant & The Passing of the Great Race: warned that influx of new immigrants & low birthrate of white women threatened foundations of Amer. civilization

• Niagara movement: black leaders @ Niagara falls & organized movement to reinvigorate abolitionist tradition. Declaration of Principles called for restoring to blacks the right to vote, end to racial segregation, & complete equality in econ. & edu. opportunity

• tulsa riot: Tulsa, Oklahoma- 1921, black veterans tried to prevent a lynching of a youth who fell on a white female (led to rumors of rape) --> white mob burned an all-black section of city --> more than 300 blacks killed & 10000 homeless

• flu epidemic: Spanish influenza pandemic (global): spring 1918-summer 1919. killed nearly 700000 Americans

• worldwide upsurge/soviet union: 

Soviet Union: gov. had nationalized landholdings, banks, factories, etc.

democratic aspirations sent hope & fear throughout the world

Wilson: hoped to foster trade w them but fear of communism inspired military intervention. refused to extend diplomatic recognition to Lenin's gov.

• Seattle strike: walkout of shipyard workers turned into a general strike that united AFL unions & IWW. committee of labor leaders oversaw city services until federal troops ended strike

• great steel strike: united mostly immigrant workers in demands for union recognition, higher wages, & 8 hr workday --> strike collapsed bc steel magnates counterattacked using anti-immigrant sentiment & propaganda about them associating w IWW, communism, etc.

Chapter 20:

• Sacco & Vanzetti trial: 1920, police arrested Nicola Sacco & Bartolomeo Vanzetti (2 Italian immigrants), accused of participating in robbery at a factory where a security guard was killed. little evidence but they were anarchists & immigrants so they were "guilty"

• Bruce Barton & The Man Nobody Knows: advertising executive, best seller that showed jesus as a great advertiser 

• American plan: "open shop"- workplace free of gov. regulation & unions

• Robert & Helen Lynd's Middletown: study of life in Muncie, Indiana- typical community. found that new leisure activities & emphasis on consumption replaced politics as focus of concern

• teapot dome scandal: notorious, involved Secretary of interior: Albert Fall. accepted money from private businessmen to whom he leased gov. oil reserves at Teapot dome, Wyoming. first cabinet member convicted of felony

• hays code for movies: enforced set of guidelines that prohibited movies from showing nudity, log kisses, & adultery. barred scripts showing clergymen in a negative light, or criminal sympathetically. hoped self-censorship would prevent censorship from local gov.

• Billy Sunday: revivalist preacher- theatrical preaching style- fundamentalist

-100% Americanism: continued into 1920s- citizenship education programs, legal visits into immigrants' homes to investigate, efforts by employers to instill appreciation for Amer. values

-Leo Frank: Jewish factory manager accused of killing a teenage girl --> lynched --> KKK reborn

• new negro: rejection of established stereotypes & a search for black values to put in their place

Time Lapse Drawing: Mountains

"good vibes only" crop top (Thrifted)
super light wash jeans
black rose flower crown
red flannel (hot topic)

Most Likely To Challenge | Ft. Paulskie

loose golden/brown/tan sheer top (forever 21)
frayed jean shorts
jesus sandals/jandals (hallmark)

"Black Cherry" Revlon lipstick (CVS)
"Diamond" studded choker (wet seal)

hooded flannel (Ross)
loose gray t-shirt (aeropostle)
jeggings (abercrombie & fitch)