- presidential reconstruction: 1st reconstruction plan
-10 % plan: when 10% of the WHITE men who voted in 1860 swear a loyalty oath to the U.S. constitution, reconstruction can end
-implemented by Andrew Johnson bc Lincoln was assassinated
-3 categories of men who cannot sign^/have no rights:
- high ranking confederate politicians/officers
- men who abandoned Amer. positions to fight for confederates (traitors)
- confederate soldiers who don't treat captured black union troops as prisoners of war (meaning they kill them instead of just keeping them)
- wealthy planters (bc they would have 20+ slaves & the civil war was fought over slavery) (added by Andrew Johnson)
- congressional reconstruction: led by Congress (where radical Republicans are)
-since it was conquered, Congress gets to decide what to do w the territory --> military districts (1866-1877)/ martial law to stop violence
-territories had to go through re-admission process to be a state again:
- write a new constitution
- in it, black & white men get the right to vote (except for the ones in the categories above)
- hold elections
- black men can hold political office
- pass the Amendment XIV (people born in the U.S. = citizens, can't refuse them the right to vote)
- conditions & experiences of African Americans:
*confederate states pass black codes: restricts rights for blacks
^black adults must sign a labor contract w a white person (basically slavery)
*violence (to ensure white supremacy)- Ku Klux Klan
^Memphis Race Riot 1866: black Amer. veterans move to Memphis, not accepted by white community. laws passed so that they have to surrender their guns --> whites attacked them
-covert racism: Radical republicans believed that black men & women should have the same political & economic rights but not social equality
*things that upset the north, leading to congressional reconstruction
-black men voting for republican party
-Amendments XIV & XV (right to vote can't be denied by race/color/etc.)
-reconstruction ends (in most states)--> troops leave --> KKK reappears w Democratic resurgence
-Compromise of 1877: Democrats go to Rutherford Hayes (republican) & offers to help him win if he ends reconstruction & doesn't enforce amendments XIV & XV
-exoduster movement 1877-78: Benjamin Singleton (exoduster leader) wants blacks to go north, Southern whites passed unconstitutional state law where blacks can't go on riverboats
-now that they're free:
African- Amer. churches bc diff. messages emphasized
find families that they were separated from by slavery
^marriage so that they now have a legal contract w their spouse
find a job: farm work bc they don't have many other skills
find land/housing
^"40 acres & a mule" if they have land, they can take care of themselves (but whites won't sell them land bc that means loss of power)
get educated: Freedman's Bureau Schools where radical republicans teach literacy & numeracy skills (so they can argue their own labor contracts)
- development of sharecropping:
-why do they do it?
bc no choice: no other skills or land
have a sharecropper house where they can raise their family the way they want
gives hope, if you don't go into debt, maybe you can buy land one day
economic changes in the Gilded Age: 1865-1900
- how did corporate practices change in these years?
- money/capital: sell stock to investors to make $ (stock= owner, separating ownership & control). limited liability: only lose what you invested. created by federal government
- management structure: manager oversees workers (growing middle class)
- cost accounting: double entry bookkeeping, important to know unit cost bc competition
- continuous flow techniques: stockyards. object/good constantly worked on to maximize work
- what role did the railroads play?
- 1st big business: Pennsylvania Railroad company employs a lot of people
- consumers of material: need lumber/timber, coal, steel
- national markets are created: sell same items at the same prices. ex. The Great Atlantic & Pacific Tea Company
- railroads open the west: bring farmers west & produce east
- improved communication: telegraph wires & telephone lines to prevent train crashes
- railroad time zones become standardized
- what role did monopolies play?
- economies of scale (company is so large, i can control aspects of production) horizontal & vertical integration
- can set/control prices
- can set/control costs (of buying materials)
- can set/control wages
- how did work change in these years?
- depersonalized relations: owners don't know everyone personally
- division of labor: break jobs into pieces, everyone does one part of the job
- increased efficiency: same tasks over & over = faster & better = need less workers
- time oriented system: paid by hour, leave at certain time
- discipline: sobriety, work constantly, only do things when allowed
- what was life like for workers?
child labor
industrial accidents & injuries
financial depressions (1873-1878, 1883-1885, 1893-1897)
seasonal jobs
- what major strikes & labor organizations emerged in these years?
-Knights of labor: anyone can join (reform unionism) except lawyers, alcohol sellers & Asian immigrants. more people = more political power in voting
-^Haymarket square riot 1886: workers lost wages during econ. depression but after, wages still didn't go up so organized strike. demonstration w speeches & signs. someone threw a bomb at police--> police riot. 7 arrested, declared "Anarchists" (believes gov. harms workers, wants to destroy gov.) --> destroyed Knights of labor
-American Federation of labor (1886): only skilled workers (mostly white men), ideas of Business unionism & membership-collective bargaining (bargain for all to work at same wage)
-Homestead strike 1892: Andrew Carnegie gets Henry Clay Frick to break ^union & drive down wages--> union goes on strike--> Frick hires Pinkertons (hired army)--> union blocks bridge that they have to cross, gets them to go onshore--> got women to beat them up to humiliate them--> sent in militia bc they were using violence--> got injunction for workers to go back to work
-pullman sleeping car factory 1894: depression--> decrease in wages --> workers can't afford anything (lived in a company town & expenses didn't decrease)--> Eugene Debs realized if workers strike, no one cares--> railway workers on strike on behalf of pullman car workers--> trains get shut down in many states--> companies need to get president involved --> attached mail car to pullman cars = refusal to work on them is breaking federal law--> president supports companies w U.S. military & injunctions
- what lessons did workers learn from them?
need labor union to organize
can't trust the state gov. (homestead strike)
can't trust the fed. gov. (pullman strike)
immigration: 1880-1910
- describe lives of immigrants:
-can look at immigrant groups to see ratio of men & women to see if they will stay & have families
-chain migration patterns: live in areas w same ethnic groups
-crowded tenement buildings w no electricity or breathing room
-immigrant churches/synagogues/mosques: to keep practicing their religion/cultures
-newspapers in different languages that they speak
-vaudeville & immigrant theater
- push factors: no edu. opportunities, war, no religious toleration, dictatorship/no democracy, no jobs, no land, famine
- pull factors: land, edu., jobs, no war, democracy, religious toleration, food
- how did they journey to the U.S.?
-travel in steerage (lowest travel accommodations on ship)
-Ellis Island/ Angel Island inspections: questions, medical tests, psyc eval.
- what social & political conditions did they experience?
illiterates could no longer receive help from party officials at polling places (secret ballot)
new residency & literacy requirements to vote
discrimination
- how were they received by native born Americans?
-anti-immigration & nativism (fear of immigrants destroying the country)
- how were the Chinese the same as or different from other immigrants?
whole race barred from entering U.S. at some point
denied citizenship unless born in U.S.
looked different
wore chinese clothing bc more practical & comfortable
job opportunities restricted
New South: 1865-1990
- what industries were created in the New South? why?
-Birmingham steel mills: created city of Birmingham. hired black & white workers= segregated
-textile mills: cotton. created mill towns bc uses hydroelectric power. only white workers bc didn't want to have 2 of everything (like they would w segregation). hired families (child labor)= more control (if one misbehaves, all will be fired)
reasons to industrialize/urbanize:
-railroads can transport goods
-southern workers work for lower wages (if they don't do it, they have to do sharecropping)
-proximity to natural resources
- how & why did legal segregation develop? "de jure"= by law
blacks now have a middle class
new generation of black adults who were born after slavery
seven civil rights cases (1883): racist laws bundled in supreme court--> supreme court says that amendment XIV only applies to Federal & state actions (so anything racist that cities do is fine)
Plessy v. Ferguson (1896): "separate but equal"= provides legal basis for segregation going forward
- how was it enforced?
-vagrancy laws: if you don't have job, can be arrested ^
-lynching: specific person accused of specific crime --> public event done by "unknown people" (bc whites don't want whites on trial for murder) --> hanged, set of fire, body parts cut off, etc.
-race riots: (ex. atlanta race riots of 1906) in the cities, usually after sexual/political tension--> all members of the race are targeted & killed/attacked
the West: 1877-1900
- how did black people respond to development of segregation?
Booker T. Washington: believes in improving yourself through vocational training. economic improvement first --> get rights back
W.E.B. DuBois: focus on Talented Tenth- they need to lead bc educated, skilled, money. FIGHT segregation, have to have rights to improve economy.
the West: 1877-1900
- how did railroads & technology influence the settlement of the West?
- conditions for miners:
poor working conditions
same as factories but underground
unions, low wages, dangerous
- conditions for ranchers/cowboys:
end of cattle kingdom:
farmers moving in
railroads come to TX
overproduction- more cows being sold North = lower prices
weather- 1886-1887: blizzard --> mavericks died
- conditions for Native Americans:
-reservation indians accepted move to avoid war, to keep some land, & for trade goods
-others fought back bc don't trust gov., want to keep ALL their land, & don't want to become farmers (indian women farm, not men)
- what major events took place for Native Americans?
-battle of Greasy Grass (or of Little Big Horn): George Armstrong Custer attacked unarmed women & children while trying to stop Sitting Bull from going to Canada--> breaks treaty, starts fight--> Custer dies--> Amer. pressure Canada to return Sitting Bull
-Dawes act (1887): Senator Henry Dawes wants Native Amer. to survive by becoming American & abandoning communal land. gave them all 160 acres to farm, "surplus" was sold to whites
-battle of Wounded knee: U.S. army forces attempted to disarm Indians, someone's gun went off so they fired. killed many Indians even after calling truce
- what effects did the Ghost Dance have on the Indians?
____________________________________________________________________
Chapter 15:
- Freedmen's bureau:
didn't est. schools but coordinated/helped finance activities of northern societies committed to black education & assumed control of hospitals, expanding the system into new communities
- Thaddeus Stevens:
- civil rights bill:
- tenure of office act:
- Susan B. Anthony & feminism:
- black officeholders: represented a shift of power in the South
-Blanche K. Bruce: second black senator in Amer. history
- Colfax massacre:
- enforcement acts:
- slaughterhouse cases (1873):
- U.S. v. Cruikshank (1874):
Chapter 16:
- Thomas Edison:
- Theory of the Leisure Class by Thorstein Veblen:
- Frederick Jackson Turner's "The Significance of the Frontier in American History":
- Bonanza Farms:
- Mountain Meadows Massacre:
- Buffalo extinction:
- Chief Joseph & Nez Perce Indians:
- Elk v. Wilkins (1884):
- boss William Tweed:
- Credit mobilier:
- interstate commerce commission:
- Sherman anti-trust act:
- patrons of husbandry (the grange):
- Wabash v. Illinois (1886):
- U.S. v. E.C. Knight Company (1895):
- Lochner v. New York (1905):
- Progress & Poverty by Henry George:
- Cooperative Commonwealth by Lawrence Gronlund:
- Looking Backward by Edward Bellamy:
Chapter 17:
- Populist challenge (entire section, pg. 636-644):
-free silver: called for by ^."free coinage" of silver- unrestricted minting of silver money
- national association of colored women:
- Sam Hose lynching:
- politics, religion, & memory section:
"fought for noble causes"- South: local rights, North: preservation of union
slavery was viewed not as the war's cause but a minor issue
- Tape v. Hurley (1885): cali. supreme court ordered the city to admit Chinese students to public schools
- Yick Wo v. Hopkins (1886): ordered San Francisco to grant licenses to Chinese-operated laundries
- U.S. v. Wong Kim Ark (1898): Amendment XIV awarded citizenship to children of Chinese immigrants born on Amer. soil
- Fong Tue Ting (1893): Court authorized fed. gov. to expel Chinese aliens w/o due process of law
- women's Christian temperance union: 1874, moved from demanding prohibition of alcoholic beverages to comprehensive program of economic & political reform, including right to vote
- Carrie Chapman Catt: president of National American Woman Suffrage Association
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