- picasso's collage re-introduces use of everyday
- WWI 1914-18: over 16 mill. dead, 20 mill. wounded
- art moved away from didactic nature (of courbet)
-questioning value of art
-abandoning of museums & galleries
-bringing art into the streets
-turn away from conventional artistic materials (rejecting painting as paint on canvas)
-anti-medium specific
-answer social violence w violence internalized in imagery & technique --> revolutionary attitude toward traditional aesthetics
-shock appeal of the bizarre
-rediscovery of irrational drew upon symbolism
dada: (1915-1923)
-took form during wartime
1916: hugo ball gathered group of exiles from the war
artists opposed to war gather in zurich, switzerland
became founders of dada
-international movement
-proclaimed uselessness of social action
-dada nihilism had more relevance as social critique
-resisted idea that art would be made & put in a museum
-"where did we go wrong?"
-"anti-art"
-art was about ideas
absurdity
-utilize graphic communication
-rebellious movement against WWI
wanted to change status quo
provocative, offensive, chaotic, irrational
-took form during wartime
1916: hugo ball gathered group of exiles from the war
artists opposed to war gather in zurich, switzerland
became founders of dada
-international movement
-proclaimed uselessness of social action
-dada nihilism had more relevance as social critique
-resisted idea that art would be made & put in a museum
-"where did we go wrong?"
-"anti-art"
-art was about ideas
absurdity
-utilize graphic communication
-rebellious movement against WWI
wanted to change status quo
provocative, offensive, chaotic, irrational
scandalous exhibitions
-inspired by italian futurists
rejected logic & reason, ideas & values & complacency of old europe
-thought of as a network
-deconstruction of language (in poetry)
-no stylistic unity
disruption
law of chance
-doesn't like common sense
-dada means nothing
-"a work of art should not be beauty in itself, for beauty is dead"
-criticism is useless, exists only subjectively
-"born of a need for independence, of a distrust toward unity"
-recognize no theory
-no longer paints but creates
-"all pictorial or plastic work is useless"
-"there is no ultimate truth"
-"logic is always wrong"
-w/o aim or design or organization
collective dada manifesto- richard huelsenbeck:
-club founded in berlin
-join w/o commitments
-state of mind
-art is dependent on the time it lives
-cease to take an aesthetic attitude toward life
-tearing all the slogans of ethics, culture, & inwardness
-rebellion of artistic movements
-thought of as a network
-deconstruction of language (in poetry)
-no stylistic unity
disruption
law of chance
- readymade/assemblage: takes away artists' hand
- photomontage: fragmenting world & reassemble it into a utopian world
-doesn't like common sense
-dada means nothing
-"a work of art should not be beauty in itself, for beauty is dead"
-criticism is useless, exists only subjectively
-"born of a need for independence, of a distrust toward unity"
-recognize no theory
-no longer paints but creates
-"all pictorial or plastic work is useless"
-"there is no ultimate truth"
-"logic is always wrong"
-w/o aim or design or organization
collective dada manifesto- richard huelsenbeck:
-club founded in berlin
-join w/o commitments
-state of mind
-art is dependent on the time it lives
-cease to take an aesthetic attitude toward life
-tearing all the slogans of ethics, culture, & inwardness
-rebellion of artistic movements
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| dada-ists led by hugo ball created nonsense poetry & announcement absurd theatre |
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| met in zurich at cafe voltaire |
dada sound poetry:
-language is a marker of cultural difference
-critique of language as a modernist tool of rational thought
-critique of language as a modernist tool of rational thought
-try to reunify spectactors through mutual alienation
-evoke high ritual (like catholic mass) combined w an african ritual
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| use of onomatopoeia deconstruction of language |
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| collage- schwitters nonsense/chance/surprise elements aware of tonality, color, balance, & order |
"Take a newspaper.drawing overtly from african culture:
Take a pair of scissors.
Choose an article as long as you are planning to make your poem.
Cut out the article.
Then cut out each of the words that make up this article and put them in a bag.
Shake it gently.
Then take out the scraps one after the other in the order in which they left the bag.
Copy conscientiously.
The poem will be like you.
And here are you a writer, infinitely original and endowed with a sensibility that is charming though beyond the understanding of the vulgar."
-To Make A Dadaist Poem- Tristan Tzara (1920)
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| "negro song"- marcel janco |
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| mask- janco 1919 |
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| portrait of tristan tzara- janco 1919 |
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| collage (squares arranged according to the laws of chance)- hans arp 1916-1917 embracing chance, irrationality, irregularity paper falls down to horizontal space- performed metaphor of avant-garde artists' demand that work of art return to world/stuff of everyday moves further than picasso's collages (which are highly organized compositions) |
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| the blessed virgin- francis picabia ink splatter disavowing controlling role of artist composing work by chance attacking traditional art & christian figure |
- marcel duchamp & francis picabia escape to new york before war- ferment dissent
proto-dada-ist:
-duchamp attempts to participate in modernism but is spurned --> dadaism
-quits painting
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| dulcinea- duchamp 1911 attempting to work in cubist mode |
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| yvonne & magdeleine torn in tatters- duchamp 1911 multiplication of subject matter- not something seen in cubist painting |
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| nude descending the staircase, no. 1- duchamp 1911 attempt at cubism |
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| nude descending a staircase, no. 2- duchamp 1912 attempt at cubism |
- seeds of diagrammatic & machine aesthetic --> industry
-object chosen by artist & altered slightly & signed: establishes idea that signature of artist makes it art
-way of avoiding painting
-anti-aesthetic objects --> work of art
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| bicycle wheel- duchamp 1913 fixture to have in one's home, spin wheel assemblage, sculptural collage attached to stool- negates purpose of both wheel & stool, almost a pedastal |
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| bottle dryer- duchamp 1914 |
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| in advance of the broken arm- duchamp 1915 |
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| hat rack- duchamp 1917 |
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| trebuchat (trap)- duchamp 1917 hat rack nailed to floor- made dangerous |
- objects of anonymously produced collection
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the fountain- duchamp 1917
"this is art bc i say it is so"
turned toilet on side, signed "r mutt"
seen as ugly, crude, lewd, lacked recognizable artistry
bc he didn't actually make the object himself work HAD to be submitted but they hated it submitted into exhibition that he's on the committee of to test limits & power/taste of institution |
-"the blind man- the richard mutt case"
-it is a work of art bc it was CHOSEN
-intellectual power to designate what is/isn't art
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| L.H.O.O.Q.- duchamp 1919 mass produced postcard that duchamp gives a "coded" name to & draws a mustache interested in questioning gender binaries |
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| the bride stripped bare by her bachelors, even- duchamp 1915-1923 cracks on the way to an exhibition |
-opening of the first international dada fair in berlin, june 1920
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| installation- huelsenbeck first international dada affair at top, figure w pig face & military costume = political commentary counter-german expressionism & artists' "genius" |
CONTEXT:
-reacting/responding to germany's post-WWI moment (weimar republic 1919-1933)
-reacting/responding to germany's post-WWI moment (weimar republic 1919-1933)
-void in leadership --> socialist revolution aligns w prior military powers
-WWI & negative fallout, moment of counter-revolution
- 3D assemblage
- collage- violent: cutting up
- visual violence
- propaganda posters calling for political & aesthetic revolution
- against refined, highly formalist, elite, modernist paradigms of art
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| ABCD- raoul hausmann 1923-24 manipulating readymade items provocative, playing w humor |
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| the hand has five fingers- john heartfield 1928 more sophisticated propagandist communist party election poster |
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| mechanical head (the spirit of our age)- raoul hausman moment of aftermath of wwI, see refigurement of bodies |
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| a victim of society- george grosz 1919 |
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| cut w the kitchen knife dada through the last weimar beer belly cultural epoch of germany- hannah hoch
collage/photo montage
1919
words, images, etc.
sophisticated collage practicemap of her moment in the society that she lived in barely coherent, fragmented form 4 zones: anti-dada, science figures, crowds/people/masses, dadaists/political revolutionaries men's bodies in repose female figures active work responding to mass media |
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| the beautiful girl- hoch 1919-20 |
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| dada-ernst- hoch 1920-21 |
the german "new woman":
-desire to enter work force
-short hairstyle
-masculine clothing
-ambivalent
-new regime of women's perfectibility & training
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| goering butcher of the third reich- john heartfield 1933 most explicit propaganda- mass produced |
- photo collage: image retains fragmentary nature, not resolved into a seamless whole
- photo montage: photos & text seamlessly brought together to create a new image
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| the meaning of the hitler salute- heartfield 1932 anti-facist resistance |
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| all fists clenched into one- heartfield 1934 anti-facist resistance raise fist in solidarity |
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| hurray, the butter is gone!- heartfield 1935 munching on objects of industry |
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| whoever reads bourgeois newspapers becomes blind & deaf- heartfield 1928 material from news media & critiquing news media work responding to mass media |
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