Saturday, February 13, 2016

HIST 1302 exam #1 | review

Reconstruction: 1865-1877
  • presidential reconstruction: 1st reconstruction plan
-since Abraham Lincoln believes that there is no such thing as secession, the confederates were still Amer. citizens w rights
-10 % plan: when 10% of the WHITE men who voted in 1860 swear a loyalty oath to the U.S. constitution, reconstruction can end
-implemented by Andrew Johnson bc Lincoln was assassinated 
-3 categories of men who cannot sign^/have no rights: 
  1. high ranking confederate politicians/officers
  2. men who abandoned Amer. positions to fight for confederates (traitors)
  3. confederate soldiers who don't treat captured black union troops as prisoners of war (meaning they kill them instead of just keeping them)
  4. wealthy planters (bc they would have 20+ slaves & the civil war was fought over slavery) (added by Andrew Johnson)
*same men (who led the confederacy) are being elected into office. ex. Alexander Stephens (who falls into the 1st category above, was the vice president of confederacy) becomes a senator (bc Johnson pardoned him) 
  • congressional reconstruction: led by Congress (where radical Republicans are)
-secession happened, confederacy was separated & CONQUERED- -> not Amer. citizens= no rights
-since it was conquered, Congress gets to decide what to do w the territory --> military districts (1866-1877)/ martial law to stop violence
-territories had to go through re-admission process to be a state again:
  1. write a new constitution
  2. in it, black & white men get the right to vote (except for the ones in the categories above)
  3. hold elections
  4. black men can hold political office
  5. pass the Amendment XIV (people born in the U.S. = citizens, can't refuse them the right to vote)
  • conditions & experiences of African Americans:
Amendment XIII abolishes slavery
*confederate states pass black codes: restricts rights for blacks
^black adults must sign a labor contract w a white person (basically slavery)
*violence (to ensure white supremacy)- Ku Klux Klan
^Memphis Race Riot 1866: black Amer. veterans move to Memphis, not accepted by white community. laws passed so that they have to surrender their guns --> whites attacked them
-covert racism: Radical republicans believed that black men & women should have the same political & economic rights but not social equality 
*things that upset the north, leading to congressional reconstruction
-black men voting for republican party
-Amendments XIV & XV (right to vote can't be denied by race/color/etc.)
-reconstruction ends (in most states)--> troops leave --> KKK reappears w Democratic resurgence
-Compromise of 1877: Democrats go to Rutherford Hayes (republican) & offers to help him win if he ends reconstruction & doesn't enforce amendments XIV & XV 
-exoduster movement 1877-78: Benjamin Singleton (exoduster leader) wants blacks to go north, Southern whites passed unconstitutional state law where blacks can't go on riverboats

-now that they're free:
African- Amer. churches bc diff. messages emphasized
find families that they were separated from by slavery
^marriage so that they now have a legal contract w their spouse
find a job: farm work bc they don't have many other skills
find land/housing
^"40 acres & a mule" if they have land, they can take care of themselves (but whites won't sell them land bc that means loss of power)
get educated: Freedman's Bureau Schools where radical republicans teach literacy & numeracy skills (so they can argue their own labor contracts)
  • development of sharecropping:
-labor contracts: blacks are given land & have to grow cotton for whites & they get 40% share of the crop. provided "housing" but not food, clothes, medicine. those bills are paid by the whites taking $ out of the 40% to pay to other whites (leads to a cycle of debt/crop lien system)

-why do they do it?
bc no choice: no other skills or land
have a sharecropper house where they can raise their family the way they want
gives hope, if you don't go into debt, maybe you can buy land one day

economic changes in the Gilded Age: 1865-1900
  • how did corporate practices change in these years?
  1.  money/capital: sell stock to investors to make $ (stock= owner, separating ownership & control). limited liability: only lose what you invested. created by federal government
  2. management structure: manager oversees workers (growing middle class)
  3. cost accounting: double entry bookkeeping, important to know unit cost bc competition
  4. continuous flow techniques: stockyards. object/good constantly worked on to maximize work
  • what role did the railroads play?
  1. 1st big business: Pennsylvania Railroad company employs a lot of people
  2. consumers of material: need lumber/timber, coal, steel
  3. national markets are created: sell same items at the same prices. ex. The Great Atlantic & Pacific Tea Company
  4. railroads open the west: bring farmers west & produce east
  5. improved communication: telegraph wires & telephone lines to prevent train crashes
  6. railroad time zones become standardized
  • what role did monopolies play?
  1. economies of scale (company is so large, i can control aspects of production) horizontal & vertical integration
  2. can set/control prices
  3. can set/control costs (of buying materials)
  4. can set/control wages
  • how did work change in these years?
  1. depersonalized relations: owners don't know everyone personally
  2. division of labor: break jobs into pieces, everyone does one part of the job
  3. increased efficiency: same tasks over & over = faster & better = need less workers
  4. time oriented system: paid by hour, leave at certain time
  5. discipline: sobriety, work constantly, only do things when allowed 
  • what was life like for workers?
high cost of living expenses--> poverty
child labor
industrial accidents & injuries
financial depressions (1873-1878, 1883-1885, 1893-1897)
seasonal jobs
  • what major strikes & labor organizations emerged in these years?
-great railway strike 1877: 1873-1978 depression- many laid off, wages & hours cut. workers walked off the job & blocked trains by standing on tracks--> destruction of union depot, burning in pittsburgh . strike FAILS 

-Knights of labor: anyone can join (reform unionism) except lawyers, alcohol sellers & Asian immigrants. more people = more political power in voting

-^Haymarket square riot 1886: workers lost wages during econ. depression but after, wages still didn't go up so organized strike. demonstration w speeches & signs. someone threw a bomb at police--> police riot. 7 arrested, declared "Anarchists" (believes gov. harms workers, wants to destroy gov.) --> destroyed Knights of labor 

-American Federation of labor (1886): only skilled workers (mostly white men), ideas of Business unionism & membership-collective bargaining (bargain for all to work at same wage)

-Homestead strike 1892: Andrew Carnegie gets Henry Clay Frick to break ^union & drive down wages--> union goes on strike--> Frick hires Pinkertons (hired army)--> union blocks bridge that they have to cross, gets them to go onshore--> got women to beat them up to humiliate them--> sent in militia bc they were using violence--> got injunction for workers to go back to work

-pullman sleeping car factory 1894: depression--> decrease in wages --> workers can't afford anything (lived in a company town & expenses didn't decrease)--> Eugene Debs realized if workers strike, no one  cares--> railway workers on strike on behalf of pullman car workers--> trains get shut down in many states--> companies need to get president involved --> attached mail car to pullman cars = refusal to work on them is breaking federal law--> president supports companies w U.S. military & injunctions
  • what lessons did workers learn from them?
only works if the middle class is supporting 
need labor union to organize 
can't trust the state gov. (homestead strike)
can't trust the fed. gov. (pullman strike)

immigration: 1880-1910
  • describe lives of immigrants: 
-"birds of passage" come to U.S. by themselves for jobs to make $ then go home, usually male
-can look at immigrant groups to see ratio of men & women to see if they will stay & have families
-chain migration patterns: live in areas w same ethnic groups
-crowded tenement buildings w no electricity or breathing room
-immigrant churches/synagogues/mosques: to keep practicing their religion/cultures
-newspapers in different languages that they speak
-vaudeville & immigrant theater
  • push factors: no edu. opportunities, war, no religious toleration, dictatorship/no democracy, no jobs, no land, famine
  • pull factors: land, edu., jobs, no war, democracy, religious toleration, food
  • how did they journey to the U.S.?
-travel in steerage (lowest travel accommodations on ship)
-Ellis Island/ Angel Island inspections: questions, medical tests, psyc eval.

  • what social & political conditions did they experience?
calls for reduction of immigration by barring illiterate from entering U.S. (vetoed)
illiterates could no longer receive help from party officials at polling places (secret ballot)
new residency & literacy requirements to vote
discrimination
  • how were they received by native born Americans?
-described as members of distinct "Races" whose lower level of civilization explained everything from their willingness to work for substandard wages to their supposed inborn tendency toward criminal behavior
-anti-immigration & nativism (fear of immigrants destroying the country)
  • how were the Chinese the same as or different from other immigrants?
brought in to work for contractors
whole race barred from entering U.S. at some point
denied citizenship unless born in U.S.
looked different
wore chinese clothing bc more practical & comfortable
job opportunities restricted

New South: 1865-1990
  • what industries were created in the New South? why?
-American tobacco company: founder-James Buchanan Duke<-- controls 90% of processing raw tobacco. advertising pioneer- try to reach women

-Birmingham steel mills: created city of Birmingham. hired black & white workers= segregated

-textile mills: cotton. created mill towns bc uses hydroelectric power. only white workers bc didn't want to have 2 of everything (like they would w segregation). hired families (child labor)= more control (if one misbehaves, all will be fired) 

reasons to industrialize/urbanize:
-railroads can transport goods
-southern workers work for lower wages (if they don't do it, they have to do sharecropping)
-proximity to natural resources
  • how & why did legal segregation develop? "de jure"= by law 
whites wanted supremacy
blacks now have a middle class
new generation of black adults who were born after slavery 
seven civil rights cases (1883): racist laws bundled in supreme court--> supreme court says that amendment XIV only applies to Federal & state actions (so anything racist that cities do is fine)
Plessy v. Ferguson (1896): "separate but equal"= provides legal basis for segregation going forward
  • how was it enforced?
-prison: blacks would be treated differently than whites for same crimes, convict lease system (sell your labor & get state gets money)
-vagrancy laws: if you don't have job, can be arrested ^
-lynching: specific person accused of specific crime --> public event done by "unknown people" (bc whites don't want whites on trial for murder) --> hanged, set of fire, body parts cut off, etc.
-race riots: (ex. atlanta race riots of 1906) in the cities, usually after sexual/political tension--> all members of the race are targeted & killed/attacked
  • how did black people respond to development of segregation?
Booker T. Washington: believes in improving yourself through vocational training. economic improvement first --> get rights back
W.E.B. DuBois: focus on Talented Tenth- they need to lead bc educated, skilled, money. FIGHT segregation, have to have rights to improve economy.

the West: 1877-1900
  • how did railroads & technology influence the settlement of the West? 
gov. give alternating sections of land to subsidize railroads in west but railroad companies wanna sell land to farmers so they tried to get people to go west. new plants, steel plows, windmills, & barbed wire made it more possible to settle west
  • conditions for miners: 
mining towns= boom & bust
poor working conditions
same as factories but underground
unions, low wages, dangerous
  • conditions for ranchers/cowboys:
needed people to take mavericks to train--> cattle drives/trails--> cowboys (workers w unions) get cows to Kansas & get paid, rest in cattle towns then go back home & go again

end of cattle kingdom:
farmers moving in
railroads come to TX
overproduction- more cows being sold North = lower prices
weather- 1886-1887: blizzard --> mavericks died
  • conditions for Native Americans:
-indian land cessations & reservation system: move indians to reservations to take their land
-reservation indians accepted move to avoid war, to keep some land, & for trade goods
-others fought back bc don't trust gov., want to keep ALL their land, & don't want to become farmers (indian women farm, not men)
  • what major events took place for Native Americans?
-massacre 1864: colonel john chivington wanted to "prove how brave" he was--> attacked--> indians don't trust military

-battle of Greasy Grass (or of Little Big Horn): George Armstrong Custer attacked unarmed women & children while trying to stop Sitting Bull from going to Canada--> breaks treaty, starts fight--> Custer dies--> Amer. pressure Canada to return Sitting Bull

-Dawes act (1887): Senator Henry Dawes wants Native Amer. to survive by becoming American & abandoning communal land. gave them all 160 acres to farm, "surplus" was sold to whites

-battle of Wounded knee: U.S. army forces attempted to disarm Indians, someone's gun went off so they fired. killed many Indians even after calling truce
  • what effects did the Ghost Dance have on the Indians?
made them united in believing that they would be reunited with spirits of the dead, bring the spirits of the dead to fight on their behalf, make the white colonists leave, and bring peace, prosperity, and unity to native peoples throughout the region
contributed to Lakota resistance to assimilation under the Dawes act
____________________________________________________________________

Chapter 15:
  • Freedmen's bureau: 
experiment in gov. social policy. agents were supposed to establish schools, provide aid to poor & aged, settle disputes btwn whites & blacks & among freedpeople, & secure for former slaves & white unionists equal treatment before court.
didn't est. schools but coordinated/helped finance activities of northern societies committed to black education & assumed control of hospitals, expanding the system into new communities
  • Thaddeus Stevens: 
leader of Radical republicans in House of Rep. during reconstruction. planned to make small independent landholders of former slaves
  • civil rights bill: 
defined all persons born in the U.S. as citizens & spelled out rights they had w/o regard to race. no state could deprive citizens of right to make contracts, lawsuits, equal protection of person & property. first major law to be passed over presidential veto.
  • tenure of office act: 
barred president from removing certain officeholders w/o consent of Senate
  • Susan B. Anthony & feminism: 
led the National Woman Suffrage Association
  • black officeholders: represented a shift of power in the South 
-Hiram Revels: first black senator in Amer. history
-Blanche K. Bruce: second black senator in Amer. history
  • Colfax massacre: 
bloodiest act of violence during reconstruction- 1873, armed whites assaulted town w cannon, former slaves murdered
  • enforcement acts: 
3 acts adopted by congress, outlawed terrorist societies & allowed president to use army against them. laws continued expansion of national authority. defined crimes that deprived citizens of civil & political rights as federal offenses.
  • slaughterhouse cases (1873):
butchers excluded from state-sponsored monopoly went to court, claiming that their right to equality had been violated. claim was rejected & it was ruled that amendment XIV didn't alter traditional federalism
  • U.S. v. Cruikshank (1874): 
Court gutted enforcement acts by throwing out convictions of some responsible for Colfax Massacre 1873
Chapter 16:
  • Thomas Edison: 
phonograph, light bulb, motion picture, system for generating & distributing electric power. helped establish new industries, transforming private life, entertainment, economic activity. opened first electric generating station
  • Theory of the Leisure Class by Thorstein Veblen: 
critique of upper-class culture focused on "conspicuous consumption" (spending money just to show the possession of wealth)
  • Frederick Jackson Turner's "The Significance of the Frontier in American History": 
lecture arguing that on western frontier, distinctive qualities of Amer. culture were forged (individual freedom, political democracy, economic mobility). west = where people go if they're dissatisfied.
  • Bonanza Farms: 
large farms in the United States performing large-scale operations, mostly growing and harvesting wheat, covered thousands of acres, employed many agricultural wage workers
  • Mountain Meadows Massacre: 
time of tension = group of Mormons attacked wagon train of non-mormons. resulted in death of many in the wagon train
  • Buffalo extinction: 
army campaigns & hunters seeking buffalo hides led to near extinction
  • Chief Joseph & Nez Perce Indians: 
wanted to escape to Canada bc settlers on their land but forced to surrender. Chief Joseph gave a speech condemning confining Indians to reservations
  • Elk v. Wilkins (1884): 
John Elk left tribe to live among white settlers. U.S. supreme court agreed that citizenship rights didn't apply to Indians
  • boss William Tweed:
corrupt political machine- "Tweed Ring". close ties w railroad men & labor unions, fashioned private welfare system providing food, fuel, jobs for immigrant poor
  • Credit mobilier: 
corporation formed by inner ring of Union Pacific Railroad stockholders to oversee the line's gov.-assisted construction. enabled participants to sign contracts w themselves to build new line. example of corruption
  • interstate commerce commission: 
established by Congress to ensure rates that railroads charged farmers/merchants to transport goods were reasonable & didn't offer more favorable treatment to some shippers over others
  • Sherman anti-trust act: 
banned all combinations & practices that restrained free trade (threat to corporate efforts to dominate sectors of the economy) (helped establish the precedent that the national gov. could regulate the econ. to promote public good)
  • patrons of husbandry (the grange): 
critics of the railroads, moved to establish cooperatives for storing & marketing farm output to force carriers to take produce at a fair price. called on state gov. to establish fair freight rates & warehouse charges
  • Wabash v. Illinois (1886): 
ruling that only the fed. gov., not states, could regulate railroads engaged in interstate commerce
  • U.S. v. E.C. Knight Company (1895): 
U.S. supreme court ruled that sherman anti-trust act (which barred combinations in restraint of trade) could not be used to break up a sugar refining monopoly (since the constitution empowered congress to regulate commerce, not manufacturing)
  • Lochner v. New York (1905): 
supreme court voided a state law establishing 10 hrs per day or 60 per week as max. hours of work for bakers bc it "interfered w right of contract btwn employer & employee"
  • Progress & Poverty by Henry George: 
proposed more optimistic remedy for unequal distribution of wealth. talked about the problem & solution which was the "single tax" (would replace other taxes w a levy on increases in the value of real estate)
  • Cooperative Commonwealth by Lawrence Gronlund: 
socialism- belief that private control of economic enterprises should be replaced by gov. ownership in order to ensure a fairer distribution of benefits wealth produced
  • Looking Backward by Edward Bellamy: 
promoted socialist ideas w/o using the name (wrote of nationalism). story is in a world where cooperation replaced excessive individualism & competition. freedom= social condition, resting on interdependence, not autonomy 
Chapter 17: 
  • Populist challenge (entire section, pg. 636-644):
-William Jennings Bryan & the "cross of gold" speech: crystallized farmers' pride & grievances
-free silver: called for by ^."free coinage" of silver- unrestricted minting of silver money
  • national association of colored women: 
founded 1896, brought together local & regional women's clubs to press for both women's rights & racial uplift
  • Sam Hose lynching: 
1899, plantation laborer who killed his employer in self-defense was murdered, cut off body parts, burned him alive, etc.
  • politics, religion, & memory section: 
Civil war came to be remembered as tragic family quarrel among white Americans in which  blacks had played no part
"fought for noble causes"- South: local rights, North: preservation of union
slavery was viewed not as the war's cause but a minor issue
  • Tape v. Hurley (1885): cali. supreme court ordered the city to admit Chinese students to public schools
  • Yick Wo v. Hopkins (1886): ordered San Francisco to grant licenses to Chinese-operated laundries
  • U.S. v. Wong Kim Ark (1898): Amendment XIV awarded citizenship to children of Chinese immigrants born on Amer. soil
  • Fong Tue Ting (1893): Court authorized fed. gov. to expel Chinese aliens w/o due process of law
  • women's Christian temperance union: 1874, moved from demanding prohibition of alcoholic beverages to comprehensive program of economic & political reform, including right to vote
  • Carrie Chapman Catt: president of National American Woman Suffrage Association

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