physiology: science of body functions
levels of organization:
- atoms: basic building blocks of matter
- molecules: formed by combined atoms; perform biochemical functions
- cells: building blocks of living organisms
- tissues: formed by cells that have similar functions
- organs: different types of tissues joined together w specific function & recognizable shape
- system: formed by related organs w common functions
- organism: formed by all of the systems combined
body systems:
integumentary:
components:
- skin
- hair
- nails
functions:
- protects internal systems
- senses outside environment
- regulates body temperature
- eliminates some wastes
skeletal:
components:
- bones
- joints
functions:
- provides framework for organs & systems
- produces blood cells
- stores minerals
muscular:
components:
- muscles
functions:
- move parts of the framework
- provide force for functions
nervous:
components:
- brain
- nerves
- spinal cord
functions:
- sense internal & external environments
- process information
- enables systems to communicate & coordinate
endocrine:
components:
- hypothalamus
- pituitary gland
- thyroid gland
- parathyroid
- thymus
- adrenal glands
- gonads
- pancreas
functions:
- communicate chemically w organs
- coordinate body functions
cardiovascular:
components:
- heart
- blood vessels
functions:
- delivers oxygen & nutrients
- removes carbon dioxide & wastes
- fights disease
- regulate acidity of body fluids
lymphatic:
components:
- lymph vessels
- lymph nodes
- thymus
- intestines
- spleen
functions:
- filters fluid from spaces btwn cells & tissues into blood
- produces cells that fight diseases
respiratory;
components:
- pharynx
- trachea
- bronchial passageways
- lungs
functions:
- brings in oxygen
- removes carbon dioxide
- maintains acidity of blood
- (larynx) produces sounds
digestive:
components:
- mouth
- esophagus
- stomach
- intestines
- liver
- gallbladder
- pancreas
functions:
- mechanically & chemically breaks down food
- absorbs molecules from food
- eliminates solid wastes
urinary:
components:
- kidneys
- ureters
- bladder
- urethra
functions:
- regulates ionic composition of blood & body fluids
- eliminates wastes
reproductive:
components:
male-
- testes
- seminal vesicles
- prostate
- penis
female-
- ovaries
- uterine (Fallopian) tubes
- uterus
- vagina
functions:
male-
- make sperm cells
- provide a delivery system for sperm
female-
- make eggs
- provide places to receive the sperm
- fertilize the egg
- incubate developing offspring
- deliver the baby
6 essential life processes:
- metabolism: chemical processes that occur in the body
- responsiveness: detect & respond to changes in/outside of the body
- movement: motion of body/organs/cells
- growth: increase in body size/size of cells/number of cells/amount of material around cells
- differentiation: cells become specialized
- reproduction: production of new individual or new cells for growth/repair/replacement
homeostasis: stable conditions inside the body
homeostatic mechanisms:
- nervous system: (fast response) sends messages by nerve impulses when it detects changes
- endocrine system: (slow response) secretes hormones into blood when it detects changes
feedback systems:
parts-
- receptor: monitors controlled conditions & sends input to control center
- control center: receives input, compares it to controlled condition, & sends output to effector
- effector: receives output & produces response that changes controlled condition
types-
- negative feedback system: reverses changes in controlled condition to restore it to set point
- positive feedback system: further strengthens changes in controlled condition
anatomical position:
- stand erect
- head leveled
- eyes forward
- feet flat & directed forward
- arms at sides
- palms turned forward
anterior/ventral side: face view
posterior/dorsal side: back view
body regions/parts:
directional terms:
- medial: toward midline
- lateral: away from midline
- superior: toward head
- inferior: away from head
- proximal: toward point of attachment of limb
- distal: away from point of attachment of limb
- superficial: toward surface of body
- deep: away from surface of body
planes:
- sagittal: divides into left & right
-midsagittal: passes through midline, divides into equal left & right
-parasagittal: divides into unequal left & right
- frontal/coronal: divides into anterior/front & posterior/back
- transverse/cross-sectional/horizontal: divides into superior/upper & inferior/lower
- oblique: passes through at an angle
body cavities: spaces w/in body that contain/protect/separate/support internal organs
serous fluid: lubricates organs so they move w minimum friction
9 abdominopelvic regions:
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