walter gropius
staatliches bauhaus: weimar, dessau
oskar schlemmer
johannes ittenn: vorkurs or introductory course
wassily kandinsky
paul klee
marcel breuer
josef albers
marianne brandt
wilhelm wagenfeld
gunte stotzel
laszlo moholy-nagy
hannes meyer
mies van der rohe
characteristics:
marcel breuer
josef albers
marianne brandt
wilhelm wagenfeld
gunte stotzel
laszlo moholy-nagy
hannes meyer
mies van der rohe
characteristics:
-started 1919 until 1933
-anxious thrill of industrialization for something other than war
-anxious thrill of industrialization for something other than war
-need for standardization
-futurists' call for change
-de stijl's call back to order
-merge the arts & industry
-create goods for modern society
-dynamic institution: keeps changing according to the times
-key catalyst for new typography
-simplified forms
-rationality & functionality
-idea that mass production was reconcilable with the individual artistic spirit
-form follows function
-unify art, craft, and technology
-key catalyst for new typography
-simplified forms
-rationality & functionality
-idea that mass production was reconcilable with the individual artistic spirit
-form follows function
-unify art, craft, and technology
- "bau" = building
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| bauhaus logo- schlemmer |
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| walter gropius founded bauhaus in 1919 |
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| weimer, germany (where bauhaus was founded) |
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| manifesto penned by gropius |
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| bauhaus was a state funded school (would be affected by wartime in Germany) |
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| bauhaus educational plan- pedagogical circle start from outside & go in when you start specializing more rigorous curriculum for design |
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| gropius created a quota for women they initially were ushered to textiles, pottery, etc. |
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| johannes ittenn |
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| johannes & color contrast |
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| kandinsky |
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| marcel breuer |
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| breuer created this chair for kandinsky industrial, tubular steel |
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| woman wearing mask by oskar schlemmer in a chair by breuer experimental exploration |
- theo van doesburg comes to teach at bauhaus
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| van doesburg's book basic concept for new formative arts |
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| josef albers future of mass produced, standardized types as answer for growing middle class basic geometric shapes unadorned |
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| wilhelm wagenfeld industrial pressed glass simple shapes unadorned- the tea will provide decoration |
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| marrianne brandt reductive shapes |
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| adjustable ceiling lamp- brandt |
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| ashtray- marianne brandt |
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| textiles de stijl language |
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| textile- anni albers (albers' wife) |
- 1923: johannes was dismissed by gropius bc he couldn't answer to government regarding ittenn
-became increasingly conservative
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| laszlo moholy-nagy (hungarian) experimenter took over introductory course that johannes taught russian constructivist background coined the phrase "the new vision" for photography |
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| cover by laszlo moholy-nagy |
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| photogram- laszlo |
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| photogram- laszlo |
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| the radio tower in berlin- laszlo experimenting w bird's eye view |
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| laszlo |
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| laszlo |
- tension was rising btwn bauhaus & more conservative government
-had to mount exhibition to show what they were doing
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| exhibition poster |
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| exhibition poster includes the face on the logo |
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| experimental kitchen prototype at exhibition |
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| cover for exhibition- hebert bayer sans serif typography |
- government added more sanctions to the school, less funding
-end of 1924: gropius & others resigned bc they couldn't stand less funding
- bauhaus accepted invitation from dessau to move there & teach
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| dessau bauhaus aesthetic building represented what they were teaching |
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| quickly built new, modern school by using mass-produced parts |
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| built a dorm so students could live on campus |
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| schlemmer's nighttime performances |
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| hannes meyer comes to replace gropius gets rid of any "costly artiness" strong socialist beliefs clashed w local authorities he moved on |
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| another chapter when gropius resigns & meyer comes |
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| last leader of bauhaus: mies van der rohe |
- 1931: dessau government full of nazis
-cancelled bauhaus contracts
- mies takes teachers & go to berlin to try to keep bauhaus going
-nazis forcibly close bauhaus in 1933
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| bauhaus berlin location |
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PART 2
key terms:
herbert bayer: universal typeface: 1923-25jan tschichold: die neue typographie (the new typography), 1928;
typographische gestaltung (typographic design), 1933
blackletter
bauhaus typography:
-influences of russian constructivism, de stijl, etc.
-industrial aesthetic
-orthogonal structure, right angles
-asymmetrical
-use of positive & negative spaces
-controlled order
-universal type
sans serif = best to express spirit of the machine
gets rid of human trace/calligraphic stroke
eliminated nationalist & political associations so it could diffuse & unify
neutral, machine, efficient
sans serif fits in w photomontage seamlessly, no clashing
got rid of uppercase- simplified
rational, legible, clarity
-influences of russian constructivism, de stijl, etc.
-industrial aesthetic
-orthogonal structure, right angles
-asymmetrical
-use of positive & negative spaces
-controlled order
-universal type
sans serif = best to express spirit of the machine
gets rid of human trace/calligraphic stroke
eliminated nationalist & political associations so it could diffuse & unify
neutral, machine, efficient
sans serif fits in w photomontage seamlessly, no clashing
got rid of uppercase- simplified
rational, legible, clarity
- designers, printmakers, etc. had to register under hitler's rule
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| herbert bayer student at bauhaus becomes head of design, focusing on typography |
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| catalog design- herbert bayer 1923 sans serif typography |
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| bayer asked to design a bank/currency note |
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| poster for kandinsky's celebration- bayer |
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| flyer- bayer asymmetry |
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| bayer's new typeface |
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| black letter type/ gothic script used in europe for centuries became rife w associations nazis banned it (thought it to be jewish invention) post-WWII: it was associated w nazi regime |
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| orthogonal new typeface clean simple use of color |
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| catalog page created by bauhaus designers for things they created |
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| bauhaus brochure w new typeface & photomontage |
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| laszlo moholy-nagy photo by his daughter |
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| cover by laszlo moholy-nagy |
- 1923: first time laszlo moholy-nagy said the phrase"the new typography" (general term used to indicate the modern progressive movement in typography that arose in the 1920s)
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| jan tschichold came to bauhaus exhibition in 1923 new typography influenced him |
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| typographic news cover- tschichold different weights in words no capital letters dynamism nothing elitist, everything is clear |
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| tschichold balanced but asymmetric bold rules positive use of negative space |
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| the new typography (book)- tschichold subtitle: handbook for the contemporary designer codifies principles- almost a manifesto for new type 1928 cemented his position as a spokesperson for the new typography standardized paper sizes |
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| interior spread- tschichold telling people to use less symmetry, how layout should be |
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| movie poster- tschichold photomontage sans serif type asymmetry dynamism, (controlled) energy |
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| commercial work/movie posters- tschichold |
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| poster for constructivist show- tschichold ideas from constructivism |
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| victory poster- tschichold |
- tschichold arrested by nazis bc they thought he was a "russian bolshevik" bc he had russian constructivism posters; his work was seized
-held for 6 weeks but then released so he & his family fled to switzerland & he became a book designer
- started to turn away from new typography bc the principles he helped established were too rigid & extreme; called it fascist, like the nazis
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| tshichold in switzerland w terrible experience & writes another book called typographic design allows himself cursive |
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| worked on more book covers for penguin books |
